The Impact Of Modern Day Workplace On The Workplace...

Business environment Joshua Poole MGT/426 LANA GARCIA-MARTINEZ 11/21/2016 It is matter of fact that the modern day workplace environment is changing at a very high rate. The change is brought about by organizations need to incorporate new and innovative strategies and models. For business entities, the new models and strategies present both opportunities and benefits. For instance, the decision by most organizations to embrace diversity provides them with a lot of opportunities in using the diverse knowledge and skills to their advantage. At the same time, the issue of diversity brings about several challenges especially in managing employees from different cultural and religious backgrounds. Despite the challenges that the constant changes in the workplace environment offer to organizations, these changes have an overall positive impact on their growth and development (Creasey Hiatt). The role of innovation in executing change strategies When an organization is implementing change, there is usually resistance from its members. The resistance is usually brought about by the members’ fear of the uncertainties related with the change. For instance, there are instances when some organization members fear that the changes might lead to them losing their jobs. In order to avoid such fears, leaders are supposed to employ innovation when it comes to implementing change. One of the innovation ways the management needs to use in implementing change is throughShow MoreRelatedImportance of Workplace Bullying to Vocational Psychology1686 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The importance of workplace bullying to vocational psychology In a perfect market place, the labor force would function at the highest standards of operational efficiency, with increased performance and with high levels of return and organizational profitability. In practice however, the performances of the staff members are linked to a wide array of features, generically including factors which motivate the employees, as well as factors which demotivate them. At the level of the motivationalRead MoreAnalysis Of BYOD Policy851 Words   |  4 PagesThe improvement of the employee is linked to the training process at the workplace. But, now, for a short-term, BYOD policy is effective for both, the management and the employee. For Instance, when the management allows the employee use own device during the duty hours, it seems an initiative to create a work-friendly environment and culture to improve the performances of the employees. Different aspects of the employee improvements will be elaborated in the study. However, in the policy-makingRead MoreThe Arts Administration Is Also Known As Arts Management1593 Words   |  7 Pagesorganise and facilitates with the day to day business activities of an arts company; this could involve writing a business report, working alongside the artistic director or working on public relations. The significance and attitude towards the arts vary within different cultures within society some question the re levance while some are either unaware that their medium of entertainment is an art form or chooses to ignore the subject. Questioning the relevance of art in modern society simultaneously enquiriesRead MoreEmployee Engagement : A Leading And Primary Source And Tool Of Competitive Advantage And Business Success Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pagesand primary source and tool of competitive advantage and business success. Based on research conducted, engaged employees are recognised as being more productive than disengaged employees; thus leading to improved employee performance, increased workplace productivity and profitability, and ultimately, organisational success. The term employee engagement is primarily associated with the employee’s commitment to the objectives, goals and ultimate success of an organisation, exercised together withRead MoreIs Technology Beneficial Or Dangerous?1541 Words   |  7 Pagesquestion: is the expansion of technology beneficial or dangerous? The e ver-expanding technology of the world is more beneficial than dangerous. Many aspects of life have been impacted by the benefits of technology such as education, warfare, the workplace, and transportation. â€Å"Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself† (Dewey, John). Education is the one of the most important aspects of human life. Technology takes education to an infinite level by adding programs that allowRead MoreWhat Changes in the Organisation of Time, Space and Discipline Are Associated with the Emergence of Modern Industrial Work?1735 Words   |  7 Pagesassociated with the emergence of modern industrial work? Word Count: 1620 This essay will discuss the changes that occurred in the organisation of time, space and discipline, as a result of the emergence of modern industrial work, whereby society relied upon the use of science, technology and ultimately mechanisation to produce its goods and services. The transition of home based independent work to working for a boss in a factory had many accompanying impacts upon society. Between theRead MoreSecond Industrial Revolution Essay871 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernment support for business, common natural resources, and increasing population (Fagnilli 7). The Industrial Revolution in the United States had impact on the economy, cities, workers, and environment (Fagnilli 7). The Second Industrial Revolution in the United States was paramount to changes in the way work was done, workplace conditions, and the impact of workers. During the Second Industrial Revolution there were major changes happening in the country, one of the major ones was changingRead MoreThe Theory Of Management And Management1690 Words   |  7 Pagescommunication style, climate change and other different areas from time to time. Modern manager were question on theorist like Henri Foyol, Mary Parker and Max Weber theories still valuable or actionable to today world. Therefore this essay will discuss and compare the aspect of various change that theories that have been used to react and/or lead to change. However there are still some aspects and theories that still existed to modern management and managers still need to learn and recognize them especiallyRead MoreSocial Problems; Sociology of the Workplace946 Words   |  4 PagesSociology of the Workplace We might have been equal around 200B.C. but those days are over. Political control, unequal income and unequal status changed the way American families had to break away for economic independency due to the massive industrialization. Jobs and careers are a core value in American society (Macionis 2008). Two revolutions, Industrial and Information, changed the workplace for most Americans, creating a new status quo for them and their families. With the new modern economy, theRead MoreThis Essay Will Be Discussing The Forms Of Communication1513 Words   |  7 Pagesdistortion among. By utilising these methods of communication I can successfully organise my responsibilities in the workplace environment and maintain workplace cohesion with my co-workers and employers. As a museum curator the ability to communicate professionally will be absolutely necessary in order to maintain an organised workplace. In order to ensure that communication in the workplace functions to optimal capacity organisation of communicative channels and division of responsibilities is fundamental

Leadership, Transformational Leader And Leader Member...

In Dessler chapter 2 it talks about leadership traits, the powers needed to become one, type of leader, transformational leader and the leader member exchange theory. The traits need to become a leader are to have drive, motivated to lead, honest, self-confidence, cognitive ability and know the business. Gigi has shown drive and cognitive ability when she kept going to school and finishing all the degrees and taking the state boards. She knows to what extent to be honest about and has self-confidence to get the job done. She knows the business because of work from the past and her passion towards it is the biggest drive and trait she has. If the leader has no power then he can be a leader, this are the powers needed to be one, position, authority, expert, referent, and information power. One can infer that Gigi possess all this powers and that’s why she is a good leader. The types of leadership styles are task, people, delegate or hands on. Gigi said she is a little of everyth ing. She is people oriented because she is comfortable working with them, although she intimidates them. She likes hands on but has learned to delegate and get feedback. Gigi has also shown that she is a transformational leader simply by being able to bring the company back to a good stand after it was losing money. She said to lead by example and that is one of the things transformational leaders do. Another concept to think about when talking about leadership is the ability to have self-awarenessShow MoreRelatedLeadership Essay1476 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership is one of the main areas of study nowadays. A number of books, articles, and research papers are written on this discipline and we receive much information about this. Leadership is a relationship between leaders and followers, and building this relationship requires an appreciation for the personal values of those who would be willing to give their ener ¬gy and talents to accomplish shared objectives. Transformational leadership and leader-member exchange are popular theories in the leadershipRead MoreThe Theory Of Leadership Theories Essay1354 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Contemporary leadership theories which has been expanded in the past twenty five years and have apprehend the awareness of leadership practitioners and researchers alike. According to Levy (2006), LMX theory is define as a theory about work teams that concentrates on the relationships between leaders and subordinates preferably than on leader behaviors or traits. The LMX theory concentrates on a dyads, that is the relationship among each subordinate and leader that is reflected independentlyRead MoreImportance Organizational Leadership Has on Companies Today1657 Words   |  7 Pagesabout organizational leadership, I was more enlightened on the value and importance organizational leadership has on companies today. The article discussed the significance of organizational leadership and how leaders can motivate their followers to accomplish corporate objectives and help them realize their full potential. More importantly understanding the organizational leadership theories can suppor t the growth and development of leadership skills and identify potential leaders during the hiringRead MoreThe And Transformational Transactional Organizational Theories Of Leadership1735 Words   |  7 Pagescontingency and transformational-transactional organizational theories of leadership. The strategic literature highlights leadership style as an especially important influence on organizational innovation (Garcia-Morales, Jimenez-Barrionuevo, Gutierrez-Gutierrez, 2012). Contingency Theory Contingency theories are based upon the current leadership situation and are subject to change depending on the goal to be achieved (Waters, 2013). In contingency theory, the effectiveness of the leadership style dependsRead MoreTheories Of Leadership Styles And Job Satisfaction Among Employees Serve As Predictors Of Innovation1399 Words   |  6 PagesThe theoretical framework of this study is grounded in contingency theory, Adams’ Equity Theory, Herzberg’s Two Factor theory, and the transformational-transactional organizational theories of leadership. Traditional leadership and motivational theories have failed to address how leadership styles and job satisfaction among employees serve as predictors of innovation in organizations. The strategic literature highlights leadership style and employee job satisfaction as an especially important influenceRead MoreLeadership Styles Of The Leadership1257 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership has been around for many years yet, st ill unable to contain it in a particular definition everyone agree on. There are numerous effective leadership styles used in the organization to achieve their goals. â€Å"Leadership is becoming increasingly recognized as a crucial issue for organizations facing change in a complex and volatile environment.†(Higgs 2009, p. 165) The leader is the person who can guide and inspire others to do things according to their needs with the success of the groupRead MoreContemporary Views Of Leadership And Leadership1513 Words   |  7 PagesViews of Leadership Leadership encompasses all areas of our lives. Everyone performs a leadership role in their household one way or the other. Parents perform leadership roles every day in their homes. In schools, leadership roles are being performed on a daily basis by students and teachers. In churches, there are pastors, deacons, elders, etc. perform leadership roles. At your jobs, leadership roles come into play each and every day. As you can see leadership is a veryRead More Transformational Leadership Essay examples847 Words   |  4 Pages James MacGregor Burns has defined leadership as â€Å"leaders inducing the followers to act for certain goals that represent the values and the motivations – the wants and needs, the aspirations and expectations – of both leaders and followers† (Burns 1978. p.19.) The concept of leadership as a whole encompasses different explanations, theories and leadership styles and has been popular not only from the organizational perspective but in the educational and political context as well. This essayRead MoreLeadership Is A Successful Leader1188 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal (Northouse, 2013, p. 5). Professionals often argue whether a person is a born leader or if they develop into a leader. The premise of these questions is to determine what qualities an effective leader possesses, uses and implements when guiding others. This is an argument that will never end because there are some leaders who will develop and there are some that are just born with the intangiblesRead MoreA Leader Is A Transformational Approach Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pages Towards to the Followers Aside of the effects of a leader is being a transformational approach leader to successfully finish a subject . The subordinates ‘ level of following the order is another major factor that make transformational approach the most efficiency leadership approach. As the being leaded party in 21 century , followers need inspiration and motivation to complete their task , individuals ‘ rights and benefits are the main task always bring up the discussion within society .As long

The Oral Presentation Was Interesting - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the The Oral Presentation Was Interesting. Answer: The topic for the oral presentation was interesting and I felt this topic has provided me the chance to explore and enhance my knowledge of finance, accounting as well as management. I have collected the information regarding the presentation from different internet sites such as encyclopedia as well as other sites. The textbooks that have been used by me helped in understanding the concepts in a clearer manner. Each group members of my team were efficient and hard working in nature that helped in identifying the different tools along with guidelines that can be used as this helped us in completing the entire task on time. Each members in the group collected different information from different mediums and this helped in completing the entire task before time as well. The members in the group generated different information from the different family members as well as other friends who helped them with different data as well. The guidelines provided by the different friends and family members helped us in completing the task in an accurate manner. The visual aids that are used in the oral presentation conducted by us are excellent and satisfactory in nature as it helped us in making the audiences understand about the concepts that are required to be explored. While the preparation of the oral presentation, there were different strengths of the employees were the proper and efficient communication skills, presentable in nature and tried finishing the entire task within deadline. The different participants in the group were having proper knowledge relating to the subject and this helped them in succeeding in the presentation as well. However, there were weaknesses among the members such as lack of confidence that is necessary to conduct the entire presentation in an effective manner. There were members in the group who were impatient in nature and they do not have such capability to manage the team in an effective manner. Lastly, there was less of teamwork as there were members in the group who did not contribute much in the presentation. After the entire research and analysis on the oral presentation topic, the entire team has learnt few valuable things that are required to be known and is important in nature as well. There were different essential formulas as well as other theories that are necessary to be known in solving different problems in finance. The management related techniques and theories have been analyzed and that are valuable in nature. Lastly, our team while completing the entire assessment has faced few issues. The issues that were faced were relating to the different theories that were not known to the different teammates and I had to explain them the concepts relating to the management theories along with finance formulas as well. As a team member, I helped the team members in understanding the different formulas with different examples and this helped the entire team in accomplishing the goals. At the end, I feel our team performed the best in the oral presentation as there was motivation among all the team members and this helped them in achieving the tasks.

Why is there more violent and aggressive behavior an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Why is there more violent and aggressive behavior Today more than ever, violence committed by the young is rampant. School shootings have been repeatedly occurring. School bullying continues to be a problem on the rise. Fraternities are also becoming a major problem. Individually, small-time violence has been happening all throughout. The families, friendships, and organizations with which the young are members are becoming prey to violence everyday. Why has the youth of the United States become violent and aggressive? Need essay sample on "Why is there more violent and aggressive behavior" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed In 2003, there were 9.6 million arrests made according to the FBI Uniform Crime Report. Sixteen percent of these arrests involved persons under the age of 18. Five percent were not even 15 years old yet. (Asher, 2006) This shows how serious the problem is. Juvenile delinquency is becoming a major issue in todays society. Despite programs that aim to alleviate the worsening problem, the issue goes deeper and grows sturdier. Parental guidance When the kids go astray, it is the parents to blame. Often, the thing that is always put into question is the parenting style which reared the children. They define the success in which he children turn out to be. They also explain how a child turn young adult can dwell into violence and aggression. By principle, there are three parenting styles. The first one is the authoritarian parenting. With this kind of parenting, the parents put control over the child and initiate a set of rules that should be followed. Often, there are punishments for disobedience. This puts more pressure into the child to be obedient. In some cases, it results otherwise. Because the parents are overdoing protection and discipline, the young can become rebellious and do what is contrary to the principles set by their parents. (Parenting, n.d.) The second parenting style is authoritative. Many confuse this with the authoritarian parenting style, as both come from the root word authority. However, looking at their definitions can bring about the truth behind their differences. Authoritative parenting, also called equalitarian parenting, engages the child to be part of the decision-making process. With this style of parenting, communication lines are open and the child is a part of the sorting process for circumstances and situations before punishments, if any, are given. Studies prove that this is the more favored parenting style and that children who grew up in this parenting scheme are more compassionate, calm, and collected. (Parenting, n.d.) Lastly, there is permissive parenting. This type of parenting puts little control over the child. This type of parenting occurs when the parents are too permissive and submissive to their children. Oftentimes, children are allowed to decide for themselves. Scholars believe that children who grew up in this kind of environment lack self-discipline late on in life. Parenting, n.d.) Interestingly, Smith (2004) claims that the parenting style of a couple may affect the childs risk of being involved in violence or aggressive behavior later in life. Neglect, poor parental supervision, excessive submissiveness, and lack of control over the children are just some among the things that put children at higher risks of aggressive behavior, and alarmingly later on criminality. In fact, in a study conducted to the parents of 39 juvenile offenders, 46% were using authoritarian parenting, 29% were authoritative or equalitarian in their parenting style, and 25% were utilizing permissive parenting style. (Asher, 2006) This further proves that children who grew up with authoritarian parents have more possibility of becoming aggressive later in life. Psychology Psychology also plays an important part in the development of violence and aggressive behavior among the youth. The way the childrens thinking is shaped affects the reactions, actions, ad behavior that he begets for responding to different situations. For instance, if a child grew up seeing their dog being hit aimlessly he will develop a mind which is used to seeing dogs being hit. This mindset will be brought along by him until he reaches an older age. When this happens, it becomes harder to correct. The way in which the family moves influence the way in which a child grow. So, as adults, their past experiences say if they are to become peace-loving or the contrary. The school likewise shapes the way children thinks. The way they are treated inside the classroom by classmates and teachers equally affect their psychological upbringing. Heck and Walsh (2000) agrees by saying that children who grew up with harsh behavior and maltreatment are more likely to have violent delinquencies later on. Learned Considering these factors, it may suffice to say that violent behavior is learned. Whether it spawned of family experiences, parental conflicts, school experiences, and other environmental factors, the bottom line is that the youth is becoming violent depending on the world that they grow up with everyday. Thus, if the world teaches about aggression, the child adapts the concept. In the process, he radiates this concept to others through equally violent behavior. Parental guidance is especially important with the use of the media. Whether it is print, radio, television, or internet, it is worthwhile to consider that these media are widely available for access by the youth. These media also cater, quite easily, to violence. Programs discussing and sampling aggression is being shown daily. Violence has become a fanfare. Culture then takes a spotlight. As the media, the families, schools, and other environmental factors promote violence, the more the child imbibes itthe better chance he will live with violence and aggression through the rest of his life. This has become his immediate culture, and this will become his own culture as well. Unless otherwise remedied, it can lead to criminality. Not a personality Anne Frank became famous for saying that people are really good at heart. This is true. People have an innate nature of goodness. While humans are not perfect beings, they are born from and through goodness. This has been proven by both divinity and science. Thus, violence is not brought about by personality. On the contrary, violence is the one which changes a persons personality. Violence is a cause for concern, and it is a major problem in itself. It leads to loss of lives by innocent victims, it harms and damages, it breaks families, and it shatters lives. Thus, violence should be mediated upon if not eliminated from its causes. If families, schools, and the community enable a nurturing environment, violence and aggressiveness may be lessened, and fewer people will develop the tendency to adapt them. In the end, there will be no more school shootings, less bullyings, and fraternities will be able to promote real brotherhood that finds no sense for hurting others. Bibliography Asher, J. 2006. Exploring the Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Juvenile Delinquency. Heck, C. and Walsh, A. 2000. The Effects of Maltreatment and Family Structure on Minor and Serious Delinquency. Parenting. n.d. Parenting. Retrieved November 12, 2007 Smith, D. 2004. Parenting and Delinquency at Ages 12 to 15.

How to Discuss Family Values in Your Personal Statement

Are you talking about your family background and values in your personal statement? Are you having trouble demonstrating how thats related to your own personal growth and and aspirations? Here are 5 personal statement examples from UPenn, Harvard, Stanford and USC to help you: CaseyCHarvard University 17 â€Å"So are you white or are you black?† I’ve been asked this question a lot, and many others like it. People always seem to be curious about my background, either when they see my voluminous, golden-brown curls or notice that I took my mother’s last name. Over time, as I’ve tried to make sense of my unconventional upbringing and the impact it has had on me, I’ve realized that my identity doesn’t fit into a specific category or label, but requires a much lengthier explanation. Keep reading. GdevonUniversity of Pennsylvania 17 I may not be an inventor, but I must have some innovative blood and a genetic drive to make life better. As a young boy, my great great uncle, Chester Greenwood was known for his ears; Maine winters turned them deep purple, sickly white, and even blue on the coldest days of the year. One frigid day, Chester sewed balls of fur onto a wire loop and went out to ice skate wearing his homemade earmuffs. His friends marveled at the invention. Four years later, the Greenwood’s Ear Protectors factory was operating 24 hours per day and warming every ear in New England. Read more. CarmieleUniversity of Southern California 16 Growing up in a predominately Hispanic neighborhood in Los Angeles, I have struggled to balance three different cultures in a multi-ethnic city. Bullying by my classmates led me to view my own Chinese culture as something alien, something to be ashamed of. I abandoned the native Cantonese dialect I was born speaking, and strove to learn English and even Spanish as much as I could. I always resisted going to Chinese school every weekend when I was a child, feeling that learning Chinese was an unnecessary burden that took me away from my Saturday morning cartoons, which every one of my classmates watched. It is, however, through these weekend classes that I have been able to maintain my own culture, my identity. Continue reading. Hannah3Stanford University 17 Standing on the stage in front of the hushed crowd, stage fright consumes my body and fear pumps through my veins, but suddenly an angelic voice, singing in an unrecognizable language, captivates my soul. At the same time I gaze down at myself, dressed in a soft blue dress, a white apron drapes from my waist and a matching handkerchief wraps my neck. Traditional beaded earrings dangle from my ears and a blue and white beaded medallion adorns my neck. I see the white moccasins on my feet and I understand. In this moment I realize how truly unique the culture and heritage of the Choctaw people, my people, is. Read more. dandmandvHarvard University 17 On Being a Hybrid I have given a lot of thought to writing about being a hybrid. Not a car, mind you, like a Prius, but a hybrid of race. Sure, I am technically one hundred percent Hispanic, as my last name indicates, but sometimes I feel like I am in between cultures. View full profile. Liked these essay intros? Unlock them all in one go in this family values package. Brainstorm and think carefully about what you want to write in your personal statement and how you want to share your own, unique story. For more inspiration, has a database of 60,000+ successfulcollege applications fileswaiting for you!

Famous People Essays

Famous People Essays Famous People Essay Famous People Essay People can become famous for discovering something, acting, singing, dancing and many other things. Some of them become well-known during their life, the others after their death. There are many famous people all over the world and one of them is Arthur Nobel who I would like to talk about today. ALFRED BERNHARD NOBEL – a Swedish chemist, one of the most famous discoverers of the 19th century, was born in 1833 in the capital city of Sweden – Stockholm. His father, Immanuel Nobel, was a chemical engineer and had a private building company in Stockholm. Unfortunately, his company went bankrupt when Alfred was 9 years old and the whole family moved to live in Russia, in Petrograd. Alfred’s father started producing equipment for the Russian army that helped their financial situation. Alfred had private teachers and when he was 17 years old he spoke 5 languages fluently – Swedish, Russian, English, French and German. He was interested in English literature, poems, architecture, physic and chemistry. He also wrote some poems and theatre plays. His father sent him around the world to get a better education and more experience. Alfred visited the USA, Sweden, Germany and France. In Paris he worked in a chemical laboratory with professor Pelouza. There he met an Italian chemist, Sebrer, who discovered nitro-glycerine. In 1863 Alfred and his family moved back to Stockholm. His father opened a new factory for producing nitro-glycerine in a small town nearby, called Helene-Borg. A year later the factory exploded. It was a big tragedy because many people were killed including Alfred’s younger brother Emil. His father died a couple of month later. 3 years later Alfred discovered dynamite. : The same year he opened his own company called Alfred Nobel Co. He opened companies and laboratories in 20 countries including the Czech and Slovak Republic. He became very rich, lived in Paris and because he was always very busy (he made 355 patents) he never got married. He died at the age of 53 (in 1896) in Italy. A year before his death he wrote a will where he asked that all his possessions (32 million Swedish crones) should be given to the Swedish Academy of science. He asked the academy to award a prize once a year to the person who showed the biggest contribution to humanity. It is now called the Noble Prize and the award ceremony is in the 10th of December at 4:30pm the same date and time of his death. Today the prize consists of a gold medal, certificate and prize money. There are 6 different prizes given: 1 The prize for Physics (awarded by the Swedish academy) 2 The prize for Chemistry (awarded by the Swedish academy) 3 The prize for Physiology or Medicine (awarded by the Caroline Medical institute Stockholm) 4 The prize for Literature (awarded by the Swedish academy) 5 The prize for Peace (awarded in Oslo, Norway) The prize for Economics (awarded by the Bank of Sweden) All the prizes are given personally by the King of Sweden however; the Prize for peace is given by the King of Norway in Oslo. Another famous person is the Pope – Jan Pavol II. His real name is Karol Vostil and comes from Poland. He has been the head of the Catholic Church for 30 years. He has visited lots of countries included Slovakia. He tries to unite religions, to keep peace and love amongst people. He is still the Pope despite of his age and illness. As well as Christians, Atheists have sympathy for him too.

Review Restaurant Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review Restaurant - Research Paper Example I visited the Olive Garden Restaurant in the mid afternoon when it is less crowded, so that I could definitely secure a place there. The place was styled in a typically Tuscan farmhouse fashion, which radiated a spirit of being welcomed. The lighting was adjusted to a comfort mode, highlighting the dà ©cor, without taxing the eyes. I must say the seating arrangement was contrived, keeping in mind the comfort and privacy of the people visiting the place. Overall, the atmosphere there was imbued with a sense of comfort and hospitality. The meal at the restaurant was served in a typical Italian manner, starting with a first course and followed by a second course usually comprising of some soup or pasta, sumptuously marked by an entrà ©e, comprising of side dishes and dessert. I must say that the food had its good and bad points. Overall the cuisine there was rich in carbohydrates, and fats, to the accompaniment of little protein and too few greens. The lasagna they served was delicious with the tomato sauce carrying just the right blend of sweetness. I found the pasta a little plain and drab. A bit of cheese and some mild sauce would have certainly accentuated its flavor. The chicken breast that was well pounded and fried in butter, dressed with an aptly flavored tomato sauce was a real delight. Though, by the time I was done with it, I could have evaded the dessert, but considering its yummy, sticky and sweet look, I could not help savoring it. Certainly, a visit to a restaurant could leave much to be desired, if the staff there does not evince just the right attitude and spirit (Daily Post, 2005). On that context, the waiters at Olive Garden managed to wrench a perfect score from me. The waiters were neatly dressed in black and white, to the accompaniment of gold hued aprons. Their attitude effused with pride and courtesy and a desire to serve the guests. The made it a point to keep my glass filled with water till the end. I was

Validity and Reliability; Which is More Important in Today's High Research Paper

Validity and Reliability; Which is More Important in Today's High Stakes Testing - Research Paper Example While high-stakes testing may return similar outcomes in the tests of different students, which is an element of reliability, one might wonder whether it is reliability that America really needs. In this regard, it is necessary to examine the validity, where this paper proposes that validity is more important as far as this testing approach is concerned. Validity has been defined as the extent to which a test measures what it is meant to measure. If a test is valid, it measures exactly what it is meant to measure as purely as not to, by chance, influence any other factors. With validity, focus is not precisely on the scores measured, but on the inferences that one is able to deduce from the instruments. As such, the inferences made from a valid test are supposed to be â€Å"suitable, meaningful, and useful† (Lang & Wilkerson, 2008). This is the complex link that sheds clean light on the clear distinction between validity and reliability. In other words, as one would infer, it is possible for a testing instrument to measure something apart from the construct that it was supposed to measure, and do it reliably. On the other hand, a measure that is not reliable can never be said to be valid. In this light, reliability is quite necessary a measure, but it is quite inadequate in relation to validity – a valid instrument, therefore, has to be reliable, which a reliable instrument does not have to be valid. In testing, it is a common understanding that based on the aforementioned relationship, violations of validity are expected to have more severe impacts, as compared to reliability. One would, therefore, agree that validity is more complex and important an instrument that reliability and is less understood compared to the latter. In addition, it cannot be substantiated by any one statistic. Having mentioned that, it is important to discuss the important

Leadership and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership and Management - Essay Example It is true that earlier organizations concentrated in organization structures that concentrated on limited approaches. This has been a challenge and it is time that organization and management went on a broader front. This can and only is doable by doing a comparison of the available different approaches of organization and management available alongside a thorough study of different types of organizations, their structures and management styles employed (Jones & George, 2011). The identification of the organization type is something that is of utmost fundamental. In earnest organizations exists in four major types, which defines the culture and structure to be employed by an organization. Organization type is determined using Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI), which measures organization type based on ratio vs. flexibility and internal vs. external ratios. In this context, we have hierarchical organizations, which are majorly bureaucratic in nature and quite effect ive in relatively stable environments. Then exists a market organization is applicable in highly competitive environments and adopts task culture. The third is a family organization; this form is family based, employs professional bureaucracy, teamwork, and advocates for norms and values. We also have the adhocracy, which is a form developed out of inventions and innovation, its outstanding character is a combination of both task and personal cultures (Jones & George, 2011). For the organization to function properly, the structure in place should be supportive of the type of organization. Organization structures are the established patterns of relationships of the components and aspects of the organization. Tasks are done in relation to controls, coordination and motivation of employees in the formal systems (Jones & George, 2011). Good organization structures results into outputs of the organization hence achievements of the aims and goals of the organization. Therefore, organizati on culture can be compared to the skeleton in the human body. Organization type, combined within the right structure and crowned with the relevant management style is a complete and successful organization. There are varieties of management styles that can be employed in any form of formal organization. They range from autocratic all the way to the participative and democratic styles, which are the most applicable in today’s organizations (Jones & George, 2011). There are many ways of categorizing approaches to organization; the earliest with limited variety of options is the classical approach. Others approaches would entail, human relations, systems and contingency approaches, apart from these, other like decision making, social action and postmodernism are also given consideration. In this case, we would look at the classical approach; this approach simply views an organization in terms of the purpose and the formal structure of the organization. This form of approach look s at an organization in strict senses in terms of work being planned, organizational technical requirements, the principles of management developed and applied and finally the assumptions that are based on logics and rationality in behavior of the stakeholders. The reason for the formation of an organization is the core towards understanding how an organization works; it again helps in understanding the components of the organiza

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Case Study

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Case Study CASE STUDY : COPD This piece of work will explore the comprehensively physical examination, differential diagnosis and various diagnostic tests to confirm the disease condition that is CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. It will then move further to discover the comprehensive treatment plan and present a argument on an excellent method to treat the disease condition on the basis of current evidenced based studies. The actual name of the patient is replaced with another name so as to retain confidentiality (Dimond, 2002). Mr.X is a 58 year retired office manager came to the emergency ward with his son. He had chief complaints of difficulty in breathing, severe cough, weakness and was feeling discomfort. Patient general appearance shows that he is weak, sitting in high fowlers position, respiring through pursed lips. Suggest that this type of breathing is the indication of emphysema. Pursed lip breathing helps in emitting the air which is trapped in the lungs and limits the force for taking breath (Rik Gosselink, 2003). History taking and proper investigations are the two main components for confirming the disease condition. Complete history is essential to determine the exact etiology of shortness of breath that includes past history of asthmatic attack, family history of asthma, occupational history, present history of smoking, alcohol intake, medication history, episodes of cough whether it is productive or not, presence of any heart problems (Walsh, 2008). COPD develops due to the lack of alpha one antitrypsin hereditary factor. Furthermore the occupational hazards along with genetic factor deteriorate the condition. So detail history collection including all the aspects is significant (Yohannes and Hardy, 2003). History of patient reveals that patient was a chronic smoker from the past 20 years and consume near about twenty cigarettes every day, although patient left smoking 6 months ago his smoking history provides estimation of 20 packs a year. Moreover COPD is more prevalent in patient who consume 20 packs of cigarettes in one year (Georgios et al, 2004). However there are various other diseases that occur due to cigarette smoking such as cancer, heart diseases, pulmonary diseases, influenza, pneumococcal, meningococcal, tuberculosis etc (Arcavi and Benowitz, 2004). Also patient is not able to perform daily activities due to shortness of breath and cough with sputum production. These symptoms are quite common in carcinoma of bronchus, however difficulty in breathing, cough and sputum production are also main clinical symptom of COPD (Pauwels and Rabe, 2004). Moreover, history of the client indicates that plentiful production of sputum for more than three months for two years which shows t he presence of chronic bronchitis (GOLD, 2008). Patient is also not able to sleep during night. Awakening during night which occurs by shortness of breath reveal presence of congestive heart failure or asthma (Price, 2010). Complaints of patient we loss of weight, fatigue, chest tightness due to severe episodes of cough, disturbance in sleep. Dietary history shows that patient is non vegetarian, family history does not provide any significant data. Client having age more than 40 and have sign and symptom such as formation of sputum, difficulty in breathing, history of cigarette smoking and any inhalation of noxious fumes and chances of occurrence of COPD is more at the age above 40 ,therefore patient is believed to have COPD (Vestbo, 2010). Although all the sign and symptom of the client signify that patient is suffering from COPD still functional diagnosis is necessary to confirm the exact diagnosis and proper physical assessment is necessary to confirm the diagnosis (Ferrara, 2011). In high risk cases of COPD proper cardinal sign, body mass index, height and weight of the patient is to be notified as component of assessment (Stockle, 2007). The vital sign of patient are blood pressure:124/76mmHg, height: 174cm, rate of respiration: 20/minute, temperature: 98.2F, Weight: 56kg and body mass index is 19kg/m2. During inspection it is observed that shape of chest of patient is barrel and patient respire with the help of accessory muscle which indicates presence of emphysema (Smeltzer et al, 2009). This less amount of air in the lungs causes disturbance in breathing pattern (Celli, 2007). This alteration in shape of chest shape occur due to the decrease in flexibility of lungs muscles and therefore extra energy is required for this forceful type of breathing as a result client is not able to eat in adequate manner and loosen the weight (Smeltzer et al, 2009). Percussion indicate presence of tympanic resonance that occur because of less motion of diaphragm and presence of wheezing sounds indicating COPD (Celli, 2007). Auscultation indicate that there is extended forced expiratory pattern due to the decrease in air in the lungs. Congestive heart failure or lung fibrosis is differentiated from COPD on the basis of wheezing sound and presence of ronchi. Club shape finger of patient may indicate the presence of other disease condition such as cancer of lungs, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary fibrosis. The skin mucosa of the client is bluish which signify that less of oxygen in blood (American thoracic society, 2004) . Physical assessment of respiratory system does not provide the relevant and valid information for the detection of disease condition but related co morbid state and differential diagnosis are well judged with the help of thorough examination (Mcivor et al, 2004). However the decrease in flow of air in lungs is not predicted with the help of history collection and general assessment. Therefore pulmonary functional test such as spirometry is useful in diagnosing COPD (Travers et al, 2007). Furthermore for identification and confirmation of the COPD and its progress level can be easily identify with the help of spirometry (Stoloff, 2011). COPD is well detected with the help of satandarized device that is spirometry however this device is inconsistent in clinical area (Gold, 2008). Spirometry reading of patient reveals that FEV1/FVC is 56% , this value is less than 70% and it is categorize as stage two that is moderate. However spirometry is not believed to be valid tool for the evaluati on of broad category of airflow obstruction diseases (Borg, 2010, American Thoracic Society, 2004, GOLD, 2008). But provision of bronchodilators are beneficial in diagnosis of asthma and COPD and determine the limit of flow of air that is not reversible fully. Still the exact value of reversibility that helps in judging the patient asthmatic or COPD pdiseases is not known. However differential diagnosis of COPD can be clinically evaluated and also can determine by various non invasive procedures (Vestbo, 2010). Chest radiography is useful technique in excluding various differential diagnosis such as pneumothorax, chronic heart disease, pneumonia (Man et al, 2004). Therefore, to clear out the differential diagnosis, a proper clinical examination and simple investigations including chest radiography could resolve uncertainty if any (Vestbo, 2010). Radiography of chest mostly exhibit clear interstitial markings in patient with chronic bronchitis however there is no particular outcomes that provide evidence that radiography is beneficial for the diagnosis of COPD or Chronic bronchitis (Kane Graham, 2004). In the patient, chest radiography reveals that lung field is hyper distensded, diaphragms are flattened and retrosternal space is more which is the sign of emphysema. Moreover determination of various changes in lungs in case of emphysema can be determined with the help of superior type of chest film (Vestbo, 2010). However with the help of chest x ray it is not possible to detect initial stages of COPD (Gold, 2008). Therefore high resolution Computed tomography is used for identifying emphysema in the initial stages. Moreover the lesions in the lungs can be identifying with the help of high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) without any trouble (Gold, 2008). There are various other diagnostic test which are helpful in COPD confirmation with more accuracy such as arterial blood gas analysis, cardio pulmonary exercise test (GOLD, 2008). The presence of pulmonary emphysema and various other alternative diseases such as asthma and other minor airway diseases can be determined by the value of total lung capacity and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide(Vandevoorde, 2006) suggest that through examination of blood gas, saturation of oxygen in blood, blood perfusion is determined (Smeltzer et al, 2009). (also supported that arterial blood analysis in moderate and severe cases of COPD should be performed (Vestbo, 2010). However this test is not is not a reliable test to confirm COPD but in high risk cases of emphysema this test is helpful to know hypoxemia (Travers et al, 2010). Value of ABG analysis of patient was PH-7.30, Pao2-84mmHg, Paco2-48mmHg, HCO3-25mg/dl and Sao2 94% Haemoglobin level of patient was 13.4 mg/dl . Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is the disease of respiratory system that causes non reversible and progressive decrease in pulmonary function (Higginson, 2010). The air flow is not proper in lungs due to this reduction of lung function. The diseases it includes are bronchitis, asthma and emphysema. It effect more than three million people in England. (Jones, 2001) In the Western World, the main cause of COPD is smoking, smoking is related with over 90% of this disease, however COPD occurs in merely 10% to 20% of chronic chain smokers. (Beyer et al, 2008)Respiratory illness is also occurred by passive smoking. (Higginson, 2010) Genetic factor is also responsible for yhe occurrence of COPD however there is only one genetic factor alpha antitrypsin that involes in causing this disease. The lack of this genetic factor is the single major risk factor for the occurrence of this disease. Though determine in only one percemt cases of COPD. Contact with noxious substances is the most c ommon cause of COPD. (Yohannes and Hardy, 2003) There are various diseases in childhood such as pneumonia and whooping cough prior to the age of 12 year are considered to be the risk factor of bronchiectasis and bronchiolitis. Females are at high risk of COPD than man however argues that there is no difference in occurrence of COPD in male and females (Lindberg, 2006). The progress of the disease inside body is mostly described by the inflammation that involve central and peripheral airways. By the inhalation of the noxious substances or irritants , inflammation occurs in the central airway. Due to this soreness , there is more secretion of mucus that damage the ciliary clearance. As a result the glands of the mucus turn into large size and therefore more production of mucus take place due to more amount of goblet cells. This increase production of mucus provides an brilliant medium for the growth of microorganism cause the impairment of airway. Repeated infection causes damage to cilliary body and further inflammation. This progression leads to constriction of airway . Following obstruction trapping of air inside lungs occurs that result in hyperinflation, difficulty in breathing and less tolerance to exercise. The chronic obstruction diseases are chronic bronchitis, emphysema (Higginson, 2010). For the appropriate management of COPD, holistic approach must be taken in account (Paul, 2004). Individually management plan must be made that covers the essential components such as termination of smoking, dietary management and function of lungs should be maintained by medication therapy. Instant treatment in emergency unit is started with the provision of oxygen and sometime bronchodilator may be beneficial to find out reaction to the treatment (Gold, 2008). Moreover administration of oxygen helps in treating hypoxemia and hence improves breathing problem (Downs Appel, 2007). However excess utilization of oxygen may lead to withholding of carbon dioxide level in lungs. So it should be provided with cautious (Kevin, 2007). Patient was provided with oxygen therapy for short duration, the partial pressure of oxygen of the patient is 74% so there is no requirement of oxgen for long term (Gold, 2008). Drug therapy is beneficial for the treatment of COPD and it is provided according to the seriousness level of disease condition (Incalzi et al, 2006). In mild COPD cases, short acting beta 2 adrenoceptor agonists is advised whereas in moderate and severe cases long acting beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonist are recommended. Moreover anti cholinergic is beneficial and easily bearable in older people. Pharmacotherapy is essential in relieving the various symptoms however there is no medication that reveals long lasting improvement of lung function (Gold, 2004). Suggest that with the combination of different drug therapy can give better result and reduce the harmful effects as compared to large amount of single dosage. The preference of different bronchodilators depends upon, accomplishment of desired reaction and ill effects (Downs Appel, 2007). Suggest that due to very few harmful effects and less dosage requirement, inhalation route is chosen for treatment (American thoracic society, 2004) . The widely used short acting beta agonist are salbutamol, terbutaline, pirbut erol and salmeterol, formoterol are the long acting beta agonist also methylxanthines such as theophylline , antichollinergic and inhaled corticosteroid are commonly used that are beneficial in reducing m mucus secretion in airway (Nazir and Erbland, 2009). Pharmacotherapy in the patient was begin with the administration of combined therapy of salbutamol of dose 50Â µg with ipratropium 20Â µg. these are the bronchodilators which is provided with the help of inhaled and injection of theophyllin also administered through intra muscular route. There are some other drugs that are beneficial in severe stage such as antioxidants and immunoregulators (Gold, 2008) Improper nutrition in COPD patient is quite general and it has harmful influence on the pulmonary functioning. So helping the client in maintenance of adequate nutrition level is important and beneficial in improving the respiratory functioning (Shepherd, 2010). Moreover the client whose BMI is less than 21 kg/m2 should be given supplementary diet in order to improve condition of client further (Vermeeren et al, 2001). However age associated alteration in structure, height, muscular changes and if value of BMI is more than also malnutrition cannot be identified (Shepherd, 2010). In patient BMI is in normal category instead patient is advised to take adequate calories, carbhohydrate and proteins in diet. Patient is also advised to avoid caffeine, restrict sodium and taking more milk. The other preventive measure is vaccination of influenza. It has much influence in prevention of various acute respiratory illnesses along with COPD. This type of vaccination must be advised to each patient suffering from COPD (Wongsurakiat, 2004) . Patient who is moderate or severe deterioration of lung function then pulmonary rehabilitation is beneficial to gain maximum functioning to manage with disease condition. Patients are motivated to do different types of exercise to keep body healty Such as steps up, walking , various arm exercises, self handling of various activites such as taking medication, that helps in keeping the function of different system appropriately. Also exercise for decreasing hyperinflation and manage dyspnoea such as deep breathing and pursed lip is advised to the patient (Barnett, 2008). Moreover advantages of rehabilitation of lung fuction maintain for numerous months even after the end of this program (O` Donell, 2007) . COPD is the most prevalent problem that effect mostly elderly people. The mai symptom of COPD is shortness of breath, production of cough with sputum. The main cause of occurrence of this disease is cigarette smoking. History taking and physical examination is beneficial in excluding all the differential diagnosis. Through spirometry diagnosis of COPD can be made. Pharmacology is helpful in controlling the further spread of disease but medication does not provide efficient result in long term care. CASE STUDY ON SPINAL CORD INJURY This case study will throw light on the complete physical examination and diagnostic test and a range of laboratory investigation to confirm the diagnosis. It will then undergo detail treatment plan along with differential diagnosis to explain the appropriate intervention on the basis of present evidence sources. Also it will explore the recent issues regarding care of spinal cord injured patent. The actual name of the patient is changed in the study so that data cannot be recognized (Dimond, 2002). Mr. Malik Aggarwal is a 21 year old student studying in University of Greenwich doing mastering in marketing. During summer break in France, Malik was struck with an motorbike accident. During accident he fall harshly on the footpath from his bike and was lying towards his abdomen . This accident was witnessed by the policeman and he quickly gave call for first aid management. Ambulance was arrived soon and emergency staff identify the severity of Malik injury, they protect the neck of the victim with the help of strong board and immobilize the part before transferring him to the emergency department of the closest hospital. Patient was awake and also familiarized with current date, day and location. He was also replying in well manner. After reaching hospital, he complained of loss of feeling on his both legs, severe pain in neck, mild pain on his back and all extremities, patient was not able to move his neck and lower extremities properly. The assessment was carried out by the eme rgency specialist staff, and found that there were contusions and lesions present on his trunk and lower extremities, the restriction of the neck was rapidly maintained by the staff with the help of firm cervical collar. In order to limit further deterioration of condition, patient was supported with cervical traction and head was also supported with motion restricted devices that are helpful in maintaining proper alignment (Grubb, 2006) . The cardinal signs were checked and indicate that patient has Blood pressure of 100/70, pulse rate: 90/minute, respiration: 20/mt, temperature: 98.4 F and oxygen saturation was 90%. During history collection main emphasis should be given on complete mechanism that how the injury took place, this data is confirmed from the witness and also who is present at the time of accident to so as to proceed accurately towards confirmation of diagnosis (Schreiber, 2009). Other physical and social factors should be noticed that may interfere with the proper assessment of pain (Cruz-Almeida, 2007). Moreover complete history plays an important role in knowing possible etiology of different symptoms and also helps in excluding differential diagnosis. Proper pharmacological history , family history and dietary history should be taken because it might be beneficial in knowing the disease (Cox, 2008) . History collection of patient reveals that patient was anxious and had complaint of pain at the site of neck. The constant pain occur due to the contraction of muscles of neck muscls. There were presence of mild lesions on the trunk and extremities. Therefore it might be the case of injury on cervical cord because continual pain is the indication of spinal cord injury (Lee and Ostrander, 2003) . The exact cause of injury is the extreme flexion of head towards the chest that is due to hyperflexion. Moreover if the main reason of spinal cord injury is hyperflexion or hyperextension then it might be the case of spinal cord injury (ElFaramawy, 2009). Client gave appropriate reaction to each question during history taking , this shows that patient has good level of consciousness. As patient vital sign indicate that patient has hypotension, low respiratory rate and decrease in temperature. The one reason for the occurrence of hypotension might be the interference of vagal and symphathetic vascular tone (Karlet 2001). The client symptoms of hypotension, bradycardia indicates that it might be due to neurogenic shock (McLeod, 2004). After the collection of data it is essential to carry out physical assessment by covering all the aspects. Adequate Physical assessment is the basis in determining the injury related to spinal cord (Bono and Lee, 2004). Moreover physical examination especially of neurological system is beneficial in gathering the baseline data. The main section in neurological examination include will be cranial nerves, sensory and motor function and also reflexes (Noah, 2004). Assessment take place by mkaintaing proper interpersonal relationship with patient. While doing inspection assess for the mental condition, intellectual and cognitive response of the patient (Crimlisk, Grande 2004). Assess for the posture of the patient, if posture maintained by patient is decerebrate thenit may indicate trauma in the midbrain. With the help of Glasgow coma scale, level of consciousness should be assessed and also this scale is beneficial in determining the sensory, motor and verbal response. However the response through this scale is not satisfactory in determing the verbal function (Iyer, 2009). Assess for the extremities for spasticity, presence of weakness, flaccidity as these are the significant mark of damage to neurologic system and also assess for the pronator drift which signify hemiparesis (Crimlisk and Grande, 2004). In the patient, level of consciousness through Glasgow coma is assessed and it is found to be 13 which is normal(Iyer, 2009). Inspection of the patient indicates that there is presence of abrasions on the body and he has difficulty in breathing which is indicated from the use of accessory muscles. This data may be crucial in determine that damage occur in between C3 and C5 vertebrae (Walker, 2009). Neck and trunk should be properly palpated as it is helpful in determine any kind of defect in the neurological system. Palpation should be done in an appropriate manner starting from the cranium and regularly descending along the vertebral disc. On palpation of patient there is feeling of rigidity of muscles of cervical and tenderness. So there are chances of cervical injury (Noah, 2004). Diagnosis of spinal cord injury is based not just on history collection and examination infact complete neurological examination and radiographic studies are essential for the confirmation of diagnosis (Berney, et al 2011) . Spinal nerve assessment should be done with the help of hammer that should be strike beneath the knee. Striking causing sending of nerve impulse and thigh muscles contracted due to this flow of nerve impulse. If there is no contraction of muscles then it indicates there is distruption in the pathway and some sensory or motor deficit. In patient there was mild contraction of muscle fibre indicate neurological deficit(Cox, 2008). After that cranial nerves should be assessed by various method such as recognization of smell, assessment of the vision through snellen chart, assess for speech ,facial expression, assess for optic fundi with the help of opthalmoscope, if there is presence of papilloedema it may be the case of increase intracranial pressure. In patient all the cranial nerves are intact and also no papilloedema is present which exclude the diagnosis of increased intracranial pressure (Cox, 2008) . Patient motor and sensory function is determined by the American Spinal Injury Association (AISA) impairment scale. In this scale sensory deficit and motor impairment is recognized with the help of broad categorization. In the patient the strength of elbows, wrist was normal, the stretch of the biceps and triceps was also normal. The response of the patient towards light touch and pin prick was normal up to the inguinal area however due to weakness of lower limbs, the response of lower extremities was not adequate indicate sensory deficit due to spinal cord trauma (Dodwell, 2010) . However the proper alignment of the vertebrae and recognizing of fracture cannot be possible with such scale so for that radiography is essential (Sheerin, 2005). The radiography is beneficial in determine the fracture of thoracic vertebrae, it gives reliable information but it is not useful in case of cervical vertebrae as these vertebrae are to small to be visible appropriately in radiography (Jorge, 2009). Radiography of the patient provide inadequate data as the film was not properly clear. The deep examination of displacement of bone segments and fractures is possible with the help of computed tomography. The CT scan is beneficial in visualization of the image in different cross section (Jorge, 2009). It is possible to get exact information regarding injury of bone with the help of CT scan and radiography films however the injury to the soft tissue on the cord, intervertebral disc then these diagnostic test does not provide complete information regarding soft tissues (Sheerin, 2005). The CT scan of patient exhibit that injury take place at the level of C5 spine. Magnetic Resonance Imaging is helpful in visualization of injury that occurs on soft tissues by providing well clarify image. The further deterioration and injury that occur due to soft tissues is clearly recognized with the help of MRI (Sheerin, 2005). The MRI of patient shows that there is no soft tissue injury. Functional studies such as positron emission tomography, electromyograms are not of use in case of conscious client. They are only essential in patients who are not cooperative (McDonald and Sadowsky, 2002). From the above history collection, physical assessment, various diagnostic test it is clear that client has cervical injury at the level of 5 intercostals vertebra. Spinal cord is the basic part of central nervous system. It consists of thirty one segments. However due to the fusion of coccygeal bones there are 30 segments in vertebral column (Sheerin, 2004). Spinal cord has two region that is cervical and lumber and it is consist of grey matter (Sheerin, 2004). Approximation of 500 to 700 people each year suffers from traumatic spinal cord injury in UK. The main aetiology of spinal cord injury is straight mechanical injury and injury develops due to the compression on cord (Pellatt, 2010). This compression develops from traumatic and non traumatic reason (McDonald Sandusky, 2002). Due to this overstress of cord, intense flexion, extension or rotation develops. If injury develops due to direct force then within little duration discharge of enzymes from cells and vasoactive substance take place. After that neutrophills and macrophages infilterate in that region. The amount of potassium in extracellular fluid boost up and cells become depolarized and result in hypoxic conditions. Where as in case of indirect cause, vascular system compromised causing lack of blood supply in tissues. Which further leads to development of various haemorrhages, due to this haemorrhages the endothelium of blood vessels become disrupted. Further development of aneurysms occurs causing thrombi development in blood vessels. Due to stimulation of vagus nerve, imbalance thermoregulation develops and because of dermal blood vessel dilatation various life threatening sign and symptoms are developed such as neurogenic shock due to vasodilatation (McDonald and Sadowsky, 2002). There are also development of various syndrome such as anterior cord syndrome which occurs due to the injury to the two third of spinal cord in the anterior side, and next is the posterior cord syndrome that occurs due to the injury to the two third of spinal cord in the posterior side (Bailes et al, 200) . Central cord syndrome mainly occupies the cervical part of spinal cord. This syndrome usually influence elderly people and develop cervical spondylosis due to hyperextension. This spondylosis and hyperextension injury together put compression on the anterior and posterior side of cord. Due to which ligament turn towards inner side and put force on the anterior horn cells. This will further causes development of oedema (Bailes et al, 200) . Management of the patient begins from the site of the accident. First priority of the management is the maintenance of the airway, breathing and circulation. Oxygen therapy helps to prevent hypoxic conditions along with that oxygen therapy stop secondary injury that occurs due to the hypoxic conditions. For maintain airway jaw thrust method should be used chin lift method should be avoided as this may deteriorate the neck by extension (Pellatt, 2010). Immediately stabilization of spine must be maintain with the help of stiff cervical colour. The client must be positioned on hard board so as to maintain proper alignment. If there is requirement of intubation then it should be maintained with the help of three people without mobilizing the patient. However immobilization is not as important as the oxygen therapy because death of the patient may take place due to development of encephalopathy in hypoxic condition (Sheerin, 2005). After the confirmation of diagnosis, drug therapy should be started without any delay. Currently this drug therapy is recognized as basic treatment and helps in limiting secondary damage due to hypoxic condition. Steroid treatment must be started immediately. Methylprednisolone is more preferable. The amount needed for this drug is 30mg/kg in 15minutes, subsequently 5.44mg/kg/hr within 24 hours. Steroid treatment helps in improving neurologic deficit through blood flow toward central nervous system. However this drug is helps in only protection of neurological function and also use of elevated amount this drug result in side effects such as gastric bleeding and infection of wound (Weant, 2008). Further supporting, this drug is usually beneficial within 8 hours of injury. Also in the study organized by the researcher in random controlled trial to see the impact of nimodipine and methylprednisolone on patient with spinal cord injury in acute phase is that both the drugs produce side e ffects and these drugs are not of much beneficial (Pointillart, 2000). Also respiratory and cardiovascular function should be adequately maintained in spinal cord injury. Excessive damage if occur by spinal cord injury has remarkable effect on respiratory system. Mostly colloidal solutions maintain pulmonary wedge pressure. (Nockels, 2001) Moreover due to spinal cord injury the tidal volume generated by accessory muscles is not adequate and result in further damage to pulmonary function so there is need of maintainence of respiratory function. Also hypotension may develop in patient as a result of neurogenic shock. Therefore it is essential to check blood pressure and average arterial pressure should be more than 85mmHg. However if blood pressure is too low than it can be managed with the help of vasopressin agent such as dopamine (Sheerin, 2005). Mr. Malik was provided oxygen about 2 litres/min so as to maintain proper perfusion. Pulse oxymetry was continued and part

Water Imagery in the Works of Eudora Welty, Teresa de la Parra, Kate Ch

Water Imagery in the Works of Eudora Welty, Teresa de la Parra, Kate Chopin, and Marà ­a Luisa Bombal â€Å"’The pouring-down rain, the pouring down rain’ –was that what she was saying over and over, like a song?†. Eudora Welty, â€Å"A Piece of News† â€Å" Usually I prefer to stay at the pool because there the river holds a serene and mysterious charm for me†. (Por regla general yo prefiero quedarme en la toma, porque es alla en donde el rio tiene para mi aquel encanto sereno y misterioso). Teresa de la Parra, Iphigenia (The Diary of a Young Lady Who Wrote Because She Was Bored) (Ifigenia (Diario de una seà ±orita que se escribà ³ porque se fastidiaba)) â€Å" The voice of the sea speaks to the soul†. Kate Chopin, The Awakening â€Å" And like this, naked and golden, I dive into the water† (Y asi, desnuda y dorada, me sumerjo en el estanque). Marà ­a Luisa Bombal, The Final Mist (La à ºltima niebla) Water imagery occurs repeatedly in the works of Eudora Welty, Teresa de la Parra, Kate Chopin, and Marà ­a Luisa Bombal suggesting that it is intimately connected with the inner worlds of the female protagonists in these stories. The storm dramatizes Ruby’s death fantasy in â€Å"A Piece of News† by Eudora Welty. The river provides a place for Marà ­a Eugenia to express herself in Iphigenia (The Diary of a Young Lady Who Wrote Because She Was Bored) (Ifigenia (Diario de una senorita que se escribo porque se fastidiaba)) by Teresa de la Parra. The sea elicits Edna’s deepest desires in The Awakening by Kate Chopin, and the mist triumphs over the nameless narrator’s attempt to escape death in The Final Mist (La à ºltima niebla) by Marà ­a Luisa Bombal. According to Carl Gustav Jung, water is the commonest symbol for the unco... ...h. Furthermore, Jung’s explanation of water as â€Å"carnality heavy with passion† is linked with life, or the conception of children. However passion is also linked with death, because extreme passion is traditionally linked with sinfulness, which leads us to death rather than to eternal life in the Christian tradition (Archetypes 19). Jung also writes of â€Å"the longing to attain rebirth through the return to the mother’s womb† and the idea that the mother’s womb is described using water imagery (207). Water thus links death, passion, birth, and life. But for the protagonists in these stories, these forces are somewhat out of sync. Failures of individuation, and the completion of transformational journeys which lead to madness, resignation, and death point to an inability of the characters to reconcile their wants and needs with their actual lives.

Mitigating Market Entry Barriers

Introduction Porter’s (1979) five forces theory highlights market entry barriers as one of constraints in establishing a new business. Investigating market entry barriers for McLaren enables us to assess the level of competition and the possible barriers hindering the progress of McLaren in the mass car industry. As McLaren began diversification in the 1960’s it helped them greatly in averting market entry barriers to through economies of scale. By branching out into different industries such as McLaren racing and McLaren automotive, McLaren was able to benefit greatly from economies of scale. This has aided McLaren with their high capital investment requirement for establishing a mass car producing company. As a high value vehicle, to purchase the parts and have the McLaren consumer car manufactured would be extremely expensive. However, Mclaren entered the mass car market as part of its diversification strategy which has allowed the company to utilized same value chain for its consumer car equipment. Therefore, the initial high investment capital barrier required for the market entry was successfully mitigated by McLaren. Apart from the huge capital investment requirement, product differentiation is also one of the market entry barriers in the mass car market. McLaren overcame this barrier quite easily because it already had established brand equity and a loyal clientele. McLaren is a known worldwide for its formula one racing team in high regards so establishing new businesses under its brand name wasn’t difficult. McLaren’s cars were easily differentiated from other high end car producers due to the company’s already established brand image. (Fahri, K & Michael, J. 1989) Another barrier to market entry within the car industry is the distribution channels. McLaren was not required to establish its distribution channel for consumer cars because it did not produce them in large numbers and most of its cars were purchased by car enthusiasts who keenly south after the brand. The strategic ‘pull’ strategy for marketing its small number of high end consumer cars averted its needs to establish a distribution and sales channel (Terpstra, 1994). Another entry barrier to the mass car market and an important one is the requirement of consumer cars to adhere to safety specification and environment epscification. . The automotive industry is subject to government rules and regulations that include the vehicle safety and environmental matters. Vehicle safety is to ensure that each car that is supplied is safe for the driver and its passengers at all times. Environmental matters include emission levels to reduce the damage each vehicle creates to destroy our environment. McLaren has its own research and development centres and state of art test facilities and production plant where it could develop, implement and monitor its car performance in accordance with the legal requirements. The Level of Diversification Achieved by McLaren According to Ansoff (1957), there are four basic corporate strategies for growth. These are market penetration; market development; product development and diversification (see fig1). Fig.1 The first three growth strategies require a firm to change its product and/or market structure. Unlike these three, the forth growth strategy i.e. diversification requires a change in the characteristics of a company’s product line and/or market. Diversification â€Å"calls for a simultaneous departure from the present product line and the present market structure† (Ansoff, 1957, p.114). Pertaining to this growth strategy classification, venturing of McLaren into several distinct businesses can be classified as its diversification strategy. Over the years, McLaren has ventured into several distinct businesses. These are: McLaren Racing involves formula one racing team that competes in formula one racing. This business focuses mainly on the racing team of the company. McLaren Racing sets out to be one of the best known formula one team in the world. McLaren Racing has established its brand by pocketing 181 Grand Prix victories (William, 2009). McLaren Automotive is a business that designs and builds super cars made for the mass consumers. McLaren road cars are designed to meet the high expectations in terms of speed, performance and endurance. As a worldwide brand, McLaren Automotive aims to not only produce the best automotive vehicles but to continuously ‘raise the benchmark in automotive design’ (McLaren, 2013). McLaren Electronic Systems (MES) creates electronic control systems for the McLaren Racing team. The company’s electronic systems are used in formula one vehicle for various telemetry and sensory systems. The company also creates electronic control units for other teams in the motorsport industry to use across Europe and North America. (McLaren, 2013) McLaren Applied Technologies (MAT) focuses on supplying the best technology to boost the technical support in world of sports and to enhance the performance of McLaren’s formula one vehicles. McLaren Applied Technologies has continued to boost McLaren’s reputation as the ‘forefront of British engineering and technology’ (McLaren, 2013). MAT has helped worldwide sports by providing technology to help improve the efficiency of the participant’s performance in the best way possible. This could be something as simple as providing mountain bikes that weigh less without hindering the efficiency of the bike. Absolute Taste is engaged in hospitality and event management business. It serves food to McLaren’s customers and fans at formula one race. Absolute Taste also provides a catering service and hospitality to upper class customers around the world. They also organise events and the serve various cuisines to cater its global customers (McLaren, 2013).McLaren’s Horizontal DiversificationThe aforementioned diversification strategies of McLaren can be categorized as either related or un-related diversification strategies. Related diversification strategies can be further divided into three categories as horizontal, vertical and cross-sector diversification (Charles et. al, 2010). These related diversification strategies differ due to their different combination of industry similarity and value chain similarity (see fig 2). Horizontal diversification pertains to a business’s venturing into a new field which uses the same value chain as its core business and falls withi n the same industry. Considering this definition, McLaren has not diversified horizontally as it has not acquired any other formula one racing teams. Fig.2 (Source: Charles et, al. 2010, p. 296)McLaren’s Vertical DiversificationVertical diversification refers to a diversification initiative within the same industry, but one which uses a different value chain than that of the company’s core business. (Charles et, al. 2010). McLaren diversified vertically through its automotive business as it operates within the same industry but has different customers and marketing channels. Likewise, McLaren’s electronic systems and applied technology business can be termed as vertical diversification as it operates within the same (formula one racing) industry, but it requires a distinct value chain i.e. production, distribution and customer network (McLaren, 2013).McLaren’s Cross Sector DiversificationCross sector diversification occurs refers to diversification within a different industry, but one which has a same value chain (Charles et, al. 2010). McLaren’s venturing into the catering, hospitality and event mana gement business (Absolute Taste) can be classified as cross-sector diversification. Absolute Taste share’s the same value chain as McLaren’s core business as it is an extension of the company’s own marketing activities and thus uses the same managerial and other resources. However, Absolute Taste also operates in a complete different hospitality industry; a field completely different from car racing business. Similalry, McLaren’s applied technologies can be termed as cross-sector diversification in that it also operates in other industries such as medical science apart and sports (other than car racing).McLaren’s Unrelated DiversificationUnrelated diversification is referred to a firm’s engagement in a completely un-related business (Charles et, al. 2010). McLaren, diversification strategies so far do not include any un-related diversification as the company achieves economies of scale and synergies through all of its diversification strateg ies. McLaren has developed this portfolio of companies to boost the Group’s reputation and to expand. The development of the production centre improved McLaren’s chances of increasing economies of scale. By having so many of the McLaren companies being managed under the same roof, it allows each company to make the most of tangible and intangible resources and materials that wouldn’t have been used otherwise (McLaren, 2013). The joint use of inputs means that different McLaren subsidiaries share the transaction cost of machinery and other possible production costs for the vehicles that are produced. Once the McLaren production centre was built, it meant that the internal process of vehicle production would change. Within the production centre research is continuously gathered on how to improve the general performance of McLaren’s Racing and Automotive vehicles. As the car is built they can then send it off to be spray painted by hand within the same facility which not only saves time but reduces errors that may have been made on the paint work by machines. Managerial ambition is the drive of many businesses. McLaren has a reputation to withhold as the ‘forefront of British engineering’ (McLaren, 2013). McLaren are always attempting to produce the best. By diversifying into so many subsidiaries it creates new targets for the groups as a whole. The diversification strategy allows the company to increase its business profile and spread risks accordingly. McLaren’s Diversification strategy as a Reflection of Historical Trends in Corporate Strategy Throughout the midst of 20th century till the early 1990s, there were several dominant logics of strategic management. During 1950s, there was an emphasis on general management skills, along with widespread un-related diversification moves by corporates. It was followed by the prevalence of requiring specific management skills for different industries in the 1970s and 1980s. This was coincided with the requirement of portfolio planning. It was not until 1990s, that the focus of management practitioners and academics was led to prevailing themes of core competencies and dominant management logic view to achieve synergies through growth and diversification strategies (Goold and Luchs, 1993). During this time (i.e. 1990s) McLaren embarked upon its diversification initiative as part of its growth strategy. McLaren’s growth strategy precisely coincided with the prevailing business view of achieving synergies through diversification. Once the new McLaren production centre was built it allowed McLaren Automotive to increase their daily production and enabled them to introduce new road cars such as the MP4-12C sports car. The production centre has not only boosted the production rates but has also got a production line which allows McLaren to test its vehicles (Fosters plus partners, 2013). The production centre is also connected to the McLaren technology centre which is ‘connected by a subterranean walkway, lined with interactive exhibition spaces’ (Fosters plus partners, 2013). This connection allows the technology centre to provide for the McLaren Automotive department by coming up with new McLaren electronic systems for their vehicles. With the producti on centre in place it allows the diversification of the McLaren industries to take advantage of the ability to share machinery. With the connection of the Production centre and the Technology centre it allows McLaren to develop new technology to be used by MES for McLaren Automotive and McLaren Racing to use in their formula one vehicle. To either improve the vehicle performance in some way or to generally improve the safety of the racing car. Absolute taste provides food for the McLaren racing team and other clients such as Mercedes-Benz at all grand Prix races worldwide (McLaren, 2013). Igor Ansoff defined synergy as ‘Exploitation of similarities between different lines. Two plus two equals five’ (Ansoff, 1957). This analogy is saying that when similar industries combine such as McLaren Racing and McLaren Automotive it increases the production levels beyond the predicted rate. This synergy was improved greatly once McLaren has built the new Production centre. It allow ed the McLaren group to all operate in the same vicinity roof which inevitably improves synergy amongst the different industries. All of each other’s resources are at the disposal of whoever wishes to use it. References Ansoff, I. (1957) Strategies for Diversification. Harvard Business Review. Vol. 35 Issue 5. Charles E., Bamford, G. and West, P (2010). Strategic Management. Cengage Learning. Fostering plus Partners, (2013) Projects:McLaren Technology Center Available from http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/mclaren-technology-centre/ (cited on 5th, March, 2013) Goold, M. and Luchs, K. (1993) Why Diversify: Four Decades of Management Thinking. Academic of Management Executive. Vol. 7 No. 3 McLaren (2013) Vodafone McLaren Mercedes. Available from http://www.mclaren.com/formula1/page/mclaren-group (cited on 5th, March, 2013) Nye, D. (1988) McLaren: The Grand Prix, Can-Am and Indy Cars. Guild Publishing. Porter, M.E. (1979) How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy, Harvard Business Review, March/April 1979. Terpstra, V. (1994). International Marketing, USA: The Dryden Press William, T. (2009). McLaren – The Cars 1964–2008. Coterie Press.

How to Get ACT Scores, Step by Step

How to Get ACT Scores, Step by Step SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips So you've recently taken the ACT. Congratulations! But now you are probably wondering when and how you will be able to see your ACT scores. Where can you see your ACT scores? Read on to learn when ACT scores become available and how to check your ACT scores online. NOTE: Looking for ACT scores from before Spring 2008 or forgotten your ACT ID? Then you should check out our article on how to get old ACT scores first! When Do ACT Scores Come Out? Your ACT scores will be posted on the official ACT, Inc. website a few weeks after you take the test. They will not be emailed to you directly, so you'll have to access your scores yourself by logging on to your ACT account. Multiple-choice scores are usually available 10 days after the test, with your Writing scores added on about two weeks later (for exact dates, see our article on when ACT scores come out). Note that your Writing score will take a bit longer since it's being graded by actual people and not machines. // All ACT scores should be posted eight weeks after the test date at the very latest. (Your ACT scores could take a bit longer if you live outside the US or Canada.) Be aware that there is no way to speed up or prioritize your test scoring. The priority report option on the ACT website refers to sending scores to colleges- not getting a faster score report. Colleges will not be sent your ACT scores until the full report (including your Writing score, if you took the ACT with Writing) has been processed. How to Get Your ACT Scores: Step-by-Step Guide Now that you know when ACT scores come out, how can you actually see your ACT scores? Here is a step-by-step guide to teach you how. First,log on to your ACT Web Account; using the user ID and password you created when you originally signed up for the ACT. // If you forgot either your user ID or password, use the "Forgot User ID?" or "Forgot password?" links to retrieve your account info. Once you log in, you'll be taken to your ACT Student home page, where you will see a summary of your test registration dates. Click on "Your Test Dates And Scores" in the left column to get to your ACT scores: Next, you'll see a table with the date(s) you took the ACT, the type of test you took (ACT or ACT Plus Writing), and a link to view your scores. (Incidentally, you'll also see any test dates you signed up for and later cancelled, such as my September 2009 test in the screenshot below.) Click on "View Your Scores" to be taken to your ACT scores page: You will then be prompted to enter your password one more time. Don’t worry, it’s the same one you used before! Finally, you'll arrive at your ACT scores page. // On this page, you'll see your composite ACT score (out of 36), your section scores, and your subscores. The subscores are useful in that they give you detailed information about your subject area performance. Unfortunately, unlike with the SAT, with the ACT you won't get to see your exact raw scores. (For more information about how the ACT is scored, see our article.) If you click on the "Download student score report PDF" link, you'll get a PDF report with even more detailsabout your percentile scores, potential areas of improvement, and other pieces of information you can use to boost your ACT score! What to Do Once You Get Your ACT Scores Once you've seen your scores, the first step you should take is to determine whether you met your ACT goal score or not. Even if you didn't, were you pretty close to it, or pretty far from it? Your answer to this question will help you decide whether you should retake the ACT. // For example, if you were aiming for a 30 but got a 24, it'd probably be in your best interest to retake the test. In this case, be sure to focus on improving your weaknesses in your prep. On the other hand, if you were aiming for a 32 and got a 31, you might be satisfied with these results and decide not to retake the ACT. If your score is lower than you wanted it to be and you don't have time to retake the exam, you should definitely put in extra effort into making your college applications as strong as possible. Try to keep up your GPA and write a great personal statement so you can give yourself your best shot at getting accepted to college. Recap: How to Get ACT Scores This is pretty much all there is to getting your official ACT scores. Once again, you will not receive a score report by email or snail mail, so make sure you have your user ID and password ready to go the day your ACT results are scheduled to come out. In addition, once you've seen your ACT scores, take some time to determine whether they are high enough for your schools as well as whether you want to retake the exam or not. // What's Next? You've seen your official ACT scores. Now, the important question is what you should do with them. Should you retake the ACT? Figure out whether you should in our three-step guide. What's a good ACT score? Discover your target score using our expert guide. Still debating between taking the ACT and SAT? Learn which test is easier and get tips on how to choose the right one for you. Unhappy with your ACT scores? PrepScholar might be the program for you.We guarantee an improvement of 4 points on your current ACT score, or your money back. We have the industry's leading ACT prep program. Built byHarvard grads and SAT full scorers, the programlearns your strengths and weaknessesthrough advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our no-commitment 5-day free trial today: //

Chinese feminism in the early 20th Century

Chinese feminism in the early 20th Century Introduction Ever since the origination of the concept of feminism, it has gradually grown to become a global process. The equality of women was the issue, remaining keen for many nations for a long time. The issue was promoted through circulation of ideologies and practices, which facilitated the discussions of the human rights based on gender.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Chinese feminism in the early 20th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other processes, such as socialist revolution, capitalism and imperialism, also influenced the social minds and contributed to the demand for equality of women. It is pertinent to mention that feminism, essentially, generated the geo-political structures across the world. However, it is, indeed, necessary to explore feminism at the local level in order to fully understand as well as appreciate how the concept was applied by women to demand for their rights. Whe n feminism is studied from the standpoint of history of certain countries, it is possible for the audience to create a clear correlation between the global and local factors that have accelerated the spirit of feminism. On the same note, the desire of modernity among women leaders who have fought for equal rights should also be brought into perspective with the aim of understanding both the micro and macro processes, which have continually constituted the feminism. It is obvious that the feminism has always taken the perspective of the global discourse. In this particular paper, the history of Chinese feminism has been analyzed bearing in mind that this area of discussion represented the topic of the scholarly interest. It is against this backdrop that this essay gives a succinct discussion of the Chinese feminism in the early 20th century, the roots of feminism in the communist womens movement, and the demand for human rights by women activists in China. The roots of feminism and d emand for human rights Wang provides a critical analysis of the relationship between the gender bias and women discrimination. He tries to take into account various factors influencing the gender inequality. The author stresses that the mentality of the nation as well as the cultural and social norms play a crucial role in this respect. In addition, it is important to mention that the feminist ideals, which were eventually embraced and adopted in China, were the results of the influence of foreign countries.1Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Throughout the paper, the global context of Chinese feminism has been brought into focus with the aim of discussing some of the core factors, which led to the demand for equality by scholarly Chinese women. It is worthy to note that there are scores of historical contexts that are yet to be unearthed in regard to early feminism in China in spite of the large amount of work already documented by historians. Firstly, it is pertinent to mention that the conceptual and linguistic understanding of Chinese feminism is very controversial and ambivalent. For instance, when discussing the subject of feminism, it becomes clear that it is all about the pursuit of equal power or rights between men and women.2Although the term has been used and even interpreted differently by some male chauvinists, the meaning has never been diluted. It is not surprising that feminism is used derisively in China even in the modern society. Lingzhen holds the perspective that during the 20th century, the role played by women was heavily hampered by the local cultural practices. Moreover, they signified their positions in relation to the rights of the female gender. Furthermore, the Chinese people were brought up in the social environment with the specific systems of operations properly designed for both the male and female gender. As a res ult of the latter, the Chinese people were used to the social life that largely controlled their unique roles, responsibilities and powers. When the aspect of feminism was introduced in China in early 20th century, a lot of social changes were implemented.3 When the multiethnic empire of Manchu or Qing went down, a lot of transformations took place not only in China, but also in the neighboring countries including Japan. For instance, the decline led to the unprecedented rise of Japan. Moreover, the East Asian region experienced rather unique geo-political alignment, especially, towards the end of the 19th century. After China was outwitted by Japan in the 1895 battle, several reformers in China changed their perceptions and, for the first time, they considered Japan to be a real enemy as well as a neighbor worthwhile emulating. In other words, Japan became a center of attraction of diplomats, artists and students taking into account that it had proved itself as the powerful state i n the East Asian region. The massive movement of foreigners to Japan also led to the transfer and distribution of new ideologies based on citizenship, gender and nationhood. As Japan continued to embrace and adopt new ideas, reformers in China also felt the urgent need to keep in pace with their immediate enemy who had proved to be very successful.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Chinese feminism in the early 20th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second half of the XX century in China was characterized by the dominance of the caste system. Undoubtedly, it facilitated the social inequality. In addition, the impact of the religious traditions contributed to the discrimination of women in the Chinese society. Later, when China became influenced by the intensifying process of globalization, the issue of gender inequality was one of the most urgent topics for debates in the Chinese society. One of th e strongest influences that gripped Japan was the birth of ‘women’s rights’ concept. A ripple effect of this concept was immediately circulated in China in the early 20th century. The assertion of women’s rights in China during the early 20th century represented the effort aimed at making sure that the Qing legal codes were modern enough and compatible with the changing societal needs. In addition, reformers in China argued that the most part of institutions had to be reformed. This marked the onset of Chinese feminism in the early 20th century.  According to Leung, the evaluation of the role of feminism usually involves the transition of the female gender from the state of being discriminated to freedom. The author attempts to seek the root cause of feminism in China during the 20th century. The first feminists’ movements in China appeared before the Mao regime and continued to grow after its fall. The issue of social and gender inequality became widely discussed in the Chinese society.4 These statements agree with the views expressed in the book Women in the Chinese enlightenment: oral and textual histories by Zheng, who provides an in-depth analysis of the roots and consequences of the social transformations in the country.5 From the early times, several shortcomings had been noted in regard to military reforms and the Qing legal governance codes. The cultural innovations were not on track in contrast to the demand of the society. By 1911, the dynasty had already collapsed. This fact ushered the period of warlordism and the first republic functioning, which was quite short in length. The latter lasted from 1912 to 1915.5 The KMT or Nationalist period lasted from 1927 to 1949 and was generally referred to as the second republic. It was during this period, when both social and political sanity was created in China. During the same time, the emergence of several social classes occurred. It was accompanied by the inception of myriads of subjectivities. The ‘new women’, urban dwellers, workers and professionals were some of the most salient groups of people, which emerged during the second republic. It is vital to mention that these individuals were also a part and parcel of activists who demanded for urgent reforms to be undertaken in China. Before globalization, social classes were mostly divided on the powerful and the powerless with the position of women remaining discriminated and oppressed by the men.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There was also economic disparity between the people born in the privileged wealthy classes and those, who represented the poor classes. There was a common opinion, in accordance to which the male gender held on to power and, as a result, it was a quite cumbersome for the female gender to acquire a similar status in society. The role played by the print media in promoting the rights of women cannot be forgotten in this discussion. Most importantly, women magazines played a crucial role in advancing of the new ideas, which were portrayed by the female activists, especially with respect to the basic rights. The Republican China also gave rise to the emergence of subjectivities, both males and females, originated from the bourgeois social layer. Tripartite circulation of fresh ideologies, which were considered a lot in terms of womanhood, were also the major stride made towards the introduction of feminism concept. China, Japan and Euro-America were the important vessels through which women ideals were circulated. Zhong pays attention to the historic process of the development of feminists’ movements in China. He mentions that the Chinese women achieved a lot in their pursuit of the gender equality. In particular, the full empowerment was guaranteed to them.6  In 1921, the Chinese Communist Party (CPP) was established. Later, in 1949, the People’s Republic of China was inaugurated. These two successive events in China brought up a completely new face and dimension in the discussion of feminism. Women’s movements and the raging debates on equality were also brought into the limelight. For the first time ever, several calls for women’s liberation came into the fore. Moreover, the discursive fields of equality received a major support from workers and other professionals. According to Zhong, gender differences between men and women in society were the major factors that defined the roles and positions, which could be taken by either men or women. Since historic times, and particularly the mid-20th century, women had the lower status in society. The situation was the same in the traditional Chinese society. After the adoption of various demands expressed by women, modern China has become made up of a males and females who are fairly empowered.  In spite of the efforts to pursue feminism in China, it took quite a long time to change the perspectives of the Qing rulers. Surprisingly, it was factual that even some women in China did not support nuxing zhuyi, as the article posited.7 For a long time, the Maoist policies had been used in the most draconian manner. Hence, there was a deep desire among reformers to push forward the revision of the systems of governance. For instance, there were several instances when women were harassed, prejudiced, or even discriminated in favor of men. The discriminatory policies against women led to calls for equality and liberty among the womenfolk. According to Leung, social classe s which were established when the Mao era was actively in place was mainly made up of clear differences between individuals and groups.  Between the first and second republic, a female role model with unique description was born. It represented an educated and working class of woman. They were considered to be independent-minded and resolute. Some of them were working in both print and visual media and, therefore, had better chances of airing the views of women suppressed by male dominance. These pioneering women were a landmark in the history of feminism in China bearing in mind that they marked the beginning of a long period of liberation struggle that would eventually shape the modern China. Besides, most Chinese historians who produced a lot of literature on feminism tended to agree that the western feminists significantly influenced the Chinese women in the struggle for their rights and equality. The post-Mao reform period was also instrumental in creating a level playing gro und for both men and women. Zarrow is of the opinion that the Chinese feminism in the early 20th century was occasioned by the desire for reforms and internal revolution especially among the womenfolk.8 The author undertakes an in-depth analysis of feminism in China with the aim of exploring revolution in terms of rights, freedoms and equality for women in addition to provision of a clear correlation between the historical background and current events. In retrospect, Zarrow points out that it took quite a long time for the Communist women movements to take off.9 The Japan factor must have significantly contributed to the onset of the feminism in China.  There are three outstanding themes that can be individually pointed out when exploring feminism in China during the early 20th century period. Firstly, women’s power and women’s rights emerged as very powerful terms during the early feminist era in China. The latter were embedded under the concept of n ¨uquan. Seco ndly, the visions of modernity as well as the media appeal were also brought out clearly in this context. Finally, the contending discourses were explored in terms of the feminist body, which was used as the points for initiating the scathing attacks against the non-reformers. The draconian Maoist regime was one of the targets of feminist movements.  The perspective taken by Zarrow is almost similar to that of Hershatter. Both authors are quite categorical that social inequality in society posed myriads of challenges to the economic and social well being of the Chinese people.10 In any case, China went through a long period of social inequality. This vice was largely occasioned by gender differences that eventually led to the wide disparity between males and females.  During the first ten years of the 20th century, several Chinese female elites changed the perspective of women’s rights. These elites made several deliberate efforts and attempts to expound the meanings of n ew womanhood and modernity. They employed all methods to push for the rights of women in political participation, sport activities, the achievement of economic independence as well as gaining high quality education. The elites created sharp comparisons between the foreign and Chinese women so that the world could agree with the need for reforms. In most instances, several social practices were legitimized among women in China after their statuses were compared to those of the western females who had been already declared them as being ‘liberal’. The unstable interpretations of modernity were mainly agitated for by the female Chinese readers and writers. These attempts were undertaken by the new Chinese Republic to pursue the ideals of other western countries.  Wesocky indicates to the major factors influencing the solving of the problem of gender inequality in China. Feminism in China was also generated as a result of rampant discrimination that had dominated the Chin ese society. By employing various suitable theoretical frameworks, Wesocky explores globalization, internal and environmental aspects that have been instrumental in the process of women emancipation.11  It is clear that the print media played a major role in relaying lively discourses on the ‘new women’s’ ideals. This debate continued even after the fail of each attempt to push for women’s suffrage in 1912. In any case, women were not allowed to take part in electoral processes or even vie for the political positions. The female elites saw this as a deliberate move to gag the female world in their pursuit for equality and justice.  A new peak of the women’s rights discourse was attained during one of the celebrations of the New Cultural Movement. The latter organization lasted between 1915 and 1924. On May 4th, theoretical underpinnings and shifted focuses were addressed to the issue of women’s rights.12 It is also vital to explore the pe rspectives and views presented by Chen in regard to feminism in China. For a considerable length of time, gender discrimination in terms of color, sex, race and ethnicity in society had been a major impediment towards attaining specific development goals in China.13 In 1915, the debates on the issue of the social discrimination contributed the conflicts inside of the country. The Chinese feminists stressed that the society appreciated males much higher than the females.  During the May Fourth New Cultural Movement (1915–24), debates on women’s rights reached a new peak with shifted focuses and theoretical underpinnings. For instance, motherhood was given the new scientific definition and promotion. They were completely different from the old assertions by male scholars that mothers were the foundation of any nation.14 It was claimed that the healthier progeny had to be pursued by mothers in spite of the fact that they had to be given the right to be engaged in the ro mantic relationships and the right to be the child bearers. Some of the additional rights that were agitated for by women included the right to divorce a partner, freedom of choosing a spouse, and the right for sexual intercourse. Globalization has become a key contributor to the solving of the social issues in China. Furthermore, it has opened up the possibilities for women to secure their freedoms and to be the active participants of the social life. The May Fourth period was characterized by the discourse to unearth the actual definition of ‘women’s rights’. In the early 1920s, there were several feminist organizations that had been formed in China. These organizations were keen in making sure that certain rights and freedoms were guaranteed to women. For example, matters relating to marriage and divorce were very special in these debates. The feminist movements demanded for the ability of women to choose when to get married or even to get the divorce. The nat ionwide movements also demanded for the equality in both political participation and the access to education.15 The movements were specifically interested in improving the overall well being of women in all spheres of life. When it came to political representation, feminist movements argued that women were also fit enough to stand out as nationalists. To the large extent, several feminist movements were turned into the political instruments and not just the mere pressure groups. The privileges enjoyed by men when it came to political positions were, indeed, some of the core reasons why these feminist movements fought for equal representation in politics. Chinese feminism also emerged at the time when the abilities of women were vastly used as a battle field for the reforms. During the early 20th century, the public discourse put the additional emphasis on the role of women in society and how the women could be used to propel the development. In addition, social Darwinism and evoluti onism were the key elements in the reform agenda, which was mainly pursued by the female activists. Towards the end of the Qing period, nationalism had already integrated the power of the feminist body in the fight for justice and equality. In most cases, there was the increasing expansion of the visual representation, especially using the print media. Conclusion Summing up, it is vital to reiterate that Chinese feminism during the early 20th century emerged at the time when there was mass discrimination of women in the educational, political and other social spheres of life. In particular, it is vital to underscore the historic events occurred, when China was defeated in the war with Japan, because it became apparent that the local governance systems were not viable enough. It can be recalled that the Qing codes of governance were unpopular among the general Chinese population and the first calls for reforms had been initiated long before the establishment of the feminist movements .  Many political theorists held the assumption that the western influence contributed significantly to the feminist movements in China. Taking into account that this assertion may be factual, we also need to comprehend that the neighboring Japanese state gave an impetus to reforms in China, especially when several influential travelers visited the country. These foreigners came along with clear and convincing messages of reforms that gradually transformed the face of Japan as well as the traditional instruments of governance. The autocratic Maoist regime cannot be also forgotten taking into consideration the rapid reforms that took place in China during the early 20th century. The communist ideals were not merely used to oppress the subjects. Women also found themselves in the midst of deep discrimination. For instance, their attempt to push for women suffrage had been rudely suppressed before the end of 1912. Finally, after the first and second republic as well as the May Forth era, calls for equality and basic rights for women intensified. The feminist movements agitated for freedom of choosing spouses, right to divorce, right to universal suffrage as well as right to equal and quality education. Presentation Script It is pertinent to underscore that feminism is not a new concept in the modern world bearing in mind that it has been embraced across various jurisdictions. The fight for equality and basic rights among women became rife in China during the early decades of the 20th century. In any case, the call for equality by the Chinese female elites was not an accident since the gender discrimination had long been supported by the old Chinese regimes. It should be understood that the women in China had not been provided the equal and fair rights for a long period of time. For example, it required a lot of time and efforts to promote and implement the women suffrage. The women were not constitutionally allowed to take part in the electoral processes. In ad dition, the quality of education, which women obtained, was far much below the standard compared to the education obtained by the men. The desire to fight for the rights of women did not start in China. However, the feminist movement in the country was influenced by the western feminists’ organizations, which had already taken the step ahead in relation to the gaining of the equal rights with the men. Secondly, the Chinese women were also influenced by the rapid gender reforms, which took place in Japan, especially after the visit of the country by the huge number of foreigners. They influenced the tradition and culture of China. The overseas travelers instigated a lot of reforms especially in the field of gender roles and duties. For a long time, the East Asian region had been left behind the emerging global trends. When Japan began embracing the western ideals, the Chinese elites such as professionals in various fields gave a lot of support to them. Ultimately, the authorit arian Qing codes, which were dominant before the birth of the first and second republics in China, were the major constraints on the pursuit of the gender equality in China. Bibliography Chen, Ya-chen. The many dimensions of Chinese feminism: Breaking Feminist Waves. New York, NY: Pallgrave Macmillan, 2011. Croll, Elisabeth. Feminism and Socialism in China (Routledge Revivals). Boston, USA; Routledge and Keagan Paul, 2013. Hershatter, Gail. Women in Chinas long twentieth century (Global, area, and international archive). Berkeley, LA: University of California Press, 2007. Leung, Alicia. â€Å"Feminism in transition: Chinese culture, ideology and the development of the womens movement in China†. Asia Pacific Joumal of Management 20, no.3 (2003): 359-374. Wang, Lingzhen. â€Å"Gender and sexual differences in 1980s china: introducing Li Xiaojiang.† A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 24, no. 2 (2013): 8-22. Wesocky, Sharon. Chinese feminism faces globalization., New Y ork, NY: Routledge, 2002. Zarrow, Peter. â€Å"He Zhen and Anarcho-feminism in China†. The Journal of Asian Studies  47, no. 4 (1988): 796-813. Zheng, Wang. Women in the Chinese enlightenment: oral and textual histories, Berkeley, LA: University of California Press, 2013. Zhong, Xueping. â€Å"Who is a feminist? Understanding the ambivalence towards shanghai baby, ‘body writing’ and feminism in post-women’s liberation China†. Gender History 18, no. 3 (2006): 635–660. Footnotes 1Lingzhen Wang, â€Å"Gender and sexual differences in 1980s china: introducing Li Xiaojiang,† A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 24, no. 2 (2013): 12. 2 Elisabeth Croll, Feminism and Socialism in China (Routledge Revivals). (Boston, USA; Routledge and Keagan Paul, 2013), 84. 3 Ibid 4 Elisabeth Croll, Feminism and Socialism in China (Routledge Revivals). (Boston, USA; Routledge and Keagan Paul, 2013), 82. 5 Sharon Wesocky, Chinese feminism faces globalizat ion. (New York, NY: Routledge, 2002), 101. 6Xueping Zhong, â€Å"Who is a feminist? Understanding the ambivalence towards shanghai baby, ‘body writing’ and feminism in post-women’s liberation China†, Gender History 18 no. 3 (2006):640. 7 Elisabeth Croll, Feminism and Socialism in China (Routledge Revivals). (Boston, USA; Routledge and Keagan Paul, 2013), 83 8Peter Zarrow, â€Å"He Zhen and Anarcho-feminism in China†, The Journal of Asian Studies  47, no. 4 (1988), 798. 9 Ibid, 801 10+Gail Hershatter, Women in Chinas long twentieth century (Global, area, and international archive). (Berkeley, LA: University of California Press, 2007), 32 11 Sharon Wesocky, Chinese feminism faces globalization. (New York, NY: Routledge, 2002), 103. 12 Sharon Wesocky, Chinese feminism faces globalization. (New York, NY: Routledge, 2002), 101. 13Ya-chen Chen, The many dimensions of Chinese feminism: Breaking Feminist Waves. (New York, NY: Pallgrave Macmillan, 2011), 72 14 Ya-chen Chen, The many dimensions of Chinese feminism: Breaking Feminist Waves. (New York, NY: Pallgrave Macmillan, 2011), 73 15 Ya-chen Chen, The many dimensions of Chinese feminism: Breaking Feminist Waves. (New York, NY: Pallgrave Macmillan, 2011), 85