Daphnia Heart Rate – Lab Report

Caffeine is a stimulant which is derived from leaves, flowers and seeds of plants. The plant uses the caffeine as a way to repel insects as it is used as a natural pesticide by paralyzing and killing certain insects. It is used as a stimulant to human the central nervous system by increasing the stimulatory of the neurotransmitters, however high levels of caffeine to the body can cause effects of insomnia, stress, anxiety, weight loos or high blood pressure. In this investigation the effect of caffeine was observed on Daphnia [figure 1] a water crustacean, commonly known as a water flea, normally found in a aquatic areas like ponds, lakes, streams or rivers. They were used because this species of water fleas has a transparent exterior and it is easier to observe the heart rate of the Daphnia through the microscope.VariablesIndependent variables:Same volume different concentration of caffeine. Dependant variables:Heart rate of Daphnia.Controlled variables.Time.Temperature.Size of Daph nia.MethodEquipmentCavity slide.Small piece of cotton wool.Pasteur pipette.Caffeine at different concentrations.Microscope.Tally counter.A piece of wool is teased and made into a small loop.The woollen loop is placed onto a cavity slide.A Daphnia is picked out from a beaker containing the Daphnia with a pipette and then placed in to the loop on the cavity slide The Daphnia used have been left to refrigerate so that the heart rate has been lowered. Immediately after placing the Daphnia onto the slide add pond water was added or the first concentration of the caffeine but adding the same volume each time just different concentration. The Daphnia was placed onto the microscope with a low lighting. Using the tally counter the heartbeat of the Daphnia is counted for 30 seconds. When finished the Daphnia was placed into a new beaker of water. When repeating a test a different Daphnia is used.PredictionThe concentration of the caffeine in the blood of Daphnia will determine the heart rate of the Daphnia. It will be directly proportional to each other, meaning that the increase of the concentration of the caffeine will give an increase of the heartbeat. This prediction can be justified with the fact that caffeine is a stimulant drug that affects the central nervous system, speeding up your metabolism and increasing alertnessResultsCaffeine Heart Rate (BPM)Test 1         Test 2        Test 3         Test           Average 0                     196              190              194           194 0.1                 120              172              140           144 0.2                 120              172              140           144 0.3                 272              316              278           288.6 0.5                 300              306              306           300Ethical issuesAlthough there are no laws of protection of Daphnia, they are still living organisms that need to be treated with reverence, keeping them exposed to environments that they are not naturally acquainted with would deem unethical, so putting them back into pond water when finished would be proper. It could be argued by animal rights or religious views that experimenting on any kind of living is wrong as they also probably feel pain, although they may not suffer in the same way as higher animals they should be correctly returned to their natural habitat after observation.Risk assessmentPreventionCaffeine Concentrations in eyes or spillages onto clothes. Caffeine concentrations could splash into the eyes causing irritation, this could be prevented by wearing goggles. Also to prevent close being damaged by spillages a lab coat should be worn.MicroscopesHeat from the microscope can be harmful to the Daphnia, keeping the brightness low wonâ₠¬â„¢t kill any Daphnia. Glass ware breaking. Handling any glassware for example beakers or petri dishes with care. Wearing goggles or a lab coat will help towards preventing any accidents.Source of errorBecause we had to count the heart beat ourselves it is unreliable as we weren’t able to click fast enough or clicked one to many when there wasn’t a heartbeat or miss heartbeats all together. -Each time a different concentration of caffeine was added a different volume of distilled water was also added each time. As well as different volumes of caffeine. -A different Daphnia was picked out every time a new test was carried out, so they may have been different age/size/gender, this can cause different results. -The timing method was not precise each time a test was carried out as the 30 seconds was either just under or just over. -Because of handling the Daphnia from the beaker to the petri dish to a light under the microscope could put the Daphnia under pressure giving them a raised heart beat any way.ConclusionOur results show a curve of 0% concentration being higher than 0.1% and 0.2% concentration, this could be because of a source of error, as the graph shows a positive correlation of the increase of the caffeine percentage of concentration to the heartbeat of the Daphnia. The results did not fully match with the prediction made as the caffeine concentration % at 0.2 was less effective than 0.1, this may have been a human error, but other than that it seemed to support the prediction as the heart rate tends to increase from 0.2 onwards as there is a considerable increase from 0.2 to 0.3. Withthe sources of error affecting the results making them inaccurate, we could improve the reliability of the test by improving the count of the heartbeat of the Daphnia or using bigger animals so that the heart is easier and quicker to find. Doing trial runs or repeating the test more times could help towards the reliability of the test.ReferencesEn.wikipedi a.org. 2013. Caffeine. [online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine [Accessed: 15 Oct 2013].En.wikipedia.org. 2013. Daphnia. [online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphnia [Accessed: 15 Oct 2013].

Metrics for GGI

The marketing approach for the implementation of the GGI procedure can be measured using several metrics. In this aspect, it would be more available for the business owners to realize how to go about the recommended processes in increasing the commercial exposure of the products. As what has been recommended previously, the significant marketing plan for the GGI commodities is advertising dealing with media facilities such as direct marketing, TV ads, radio plugs, print distribution and electronic promotions. In order to measure how each of these promotional plans are performing with respect to total profitability outputs, certain marketing metrics can be applied. In the case of GGI, items are sold through different channels of dealers, sub-dealers and retailers. However, to get hold of the natural response of the consumers to the promotional scheme, it would be advisable for the company to target measuring the metrics based on the lowest scale of transactions-the end users or the retailers. In this way, the overall flow of the products and the profit value being acquired can provide the most exact metric data for the business. The implementation of metrics needs to be separated in each of the marketing plan approaches. Advertising does not really measure how many products were sold, but can actually measure how the products’ commercial appeal will project metrics (Curtis, 2002). Electronic Approach-The best possible measuring technique for this advertising process is to measure the amount of positive responses based on e-mail replies from the consumers. Since mail database promotions were used, the actual response rate of the end users can be tallied or structured in a database which can count the frequency of the response in a limited time frame. The basic recommendation which the team can apply to this metric is that if in a succession of time frame the hits on websites and the e-mail responses increase with respect to the previous measuring interval, then additional investments can be made to make the channels more visually or commercially appealing. In terms of the website promotion, the metrics which can be used to measure the efficiency of the channel is to integrate a visit counter within the web pages. In this aspect, the company will be able to monitor how many hits per day are initiated by the online consumers on the website. Of course, it does not readily equate to sales, but the very aspect of monitoring the visits can create a very good projection of sales values. TV and Radio Advertising-In terms of the conventional mediums of advertising, the survey method can be used as the primary metrics for the efficiency of these media units. Of course, it may be difficult for the company to increase their processes within the broadcast network’s ability to expose the GGI products. But what can be done is to regularly set up survey procedures at least once a month. The metrics to be used should focus on how the respondents were greatly influenced to buy the products based on their exposure to TV and Radio advertisements. By the time the results are obtained, the team may be able to recommend purchasing additional time slots for these media ads. But before it can be done, survey results must first provide whether there is a direct relationship between consumer purchase and TV and radio ad exposures. This can be statistically measured using correlation and regression computations. Flyers, Posters, Retailer Promotion-The last suggestion for advertising is under the scope of non-electronic mediums. This is the most basic form of measuring metrics since the retailers and dealers themselves will get to construct their respective databases on how much sales they were able to produce. Moreover, each store will definitely have tallied numbers of purchases of specific items distributed by GGI. Therefore, the company will be able to immediately measure the success of the ad campaign in a given time interval. To make use of these metrics, the most effective process is to identify the market share earned by each partner retailers. Also, each of these units may capture the true flow of consumer preference by seasonally implementing Customer Relationship Management. Fabricated scorecards are always available in the market to help the retailers produce a reliable set of sales data (Miller, 2007). In an overall scale, the best metrics to use for GGI is to take note of its ROI or Return of Investment Values. This can only be computed if the company was able to dispose all of the products in a batch for a particular time frame Also, it is only possible for the business to measure such metric if all the initial investments were already acquired back. The remaining accounts receivable balance will then project the initial profit margin of the company. This will provide greater prediction strengths whether the marketing campaign was successful or needs improvement. Therefore, GGI might first consider improving its promotional campaign on the lowest level of advertising in the retailer units since these partners are the primary remitter of investment and profit value shares. At the present stage of GGI which is supposedly very young, the best metric to maintain is the ROI analysis. Since the investment values are still very fresh and somewhat conservative, it would be ideal to limit the creation of secondary analysis such as surveys and database management because these require additional investment expenses. Even though ROI exceeds surveys costs most of the time (Yun Lee, 2007), additional expenses will not be ideal for a starting business. With ROI, the only required tools are the company files and financial utilities based on the flow of products and acquisition of sales money. Apparently, knowing the most effective marketing metrics can save the company time and effort in allocating budget allowances (Cohen, 2007). References Cohen, J. 2007. Make More Money with Marketing Metrics. About.Com. Retrieved December 26, 2007 from http://marketing.about.com/od/marketingplanandstrategy/a/mrktgmetric.htm. Curtis, E. 2002. Commercial Exposure. Dental Editors. Retrieved December 26, 2007 Miller, S. 2007. How Important is Productivity Measurement in Retail Stores?. Ezine Articles. Retrieved December 26, 2007 from http://ezinearticles.com/?How-Important-is-Productivity-Measurement-in-Retail-Stores?&id=812937. Yun Lee, M. 2007. Conducting Surveys and Focus Groups. Entrepreneur.com. Retrieved December 26, 2007 from

Anzaldua Feminist Theory Assignment Example

Anzaldua Feminist Theory The paper "Anzaldua Feminist Theory" is a wonderful example of an assignment on gender and sexuality studies. Gloria Anzaldua is known as a scholar the cultural theory of Chicana queer theory and the feminist theory. The poetry marked a very significant feminist intervention in the studies that bring some different perspectives and experiences and is usually considered as vital in the feminism development in the third world. In the year 2002 Anzaldua co-edited with another anthology which was known as the bridge called home. In the writings made by her, she makes a combination of the autobiography and all the historical narratives between all the available languages (Haraway, 2018). Therefore, due to this her whole writings is seen as an act of transformation and questioning the genre's categories. After that, she later moves into breaking down the main subject of duality since it is usually a start of so many struggles that could at the end bring a lot of hopes by ending all the rape cases. She also argues that the lands of boarders are usually not presented physically but has more cultures at the end of each. This is where a lot of people of different origins or races are occupying the same space or area. She also goes ahead and develops some concepts that help in transforming all the binary constructions such as those of planta, borderlands and new tribalism (Mulinari, 2018). The major aim of this is bridging the gap that divides the boarders line and also binary thinking. She also goes ahead and elaborates the approach by giving a statement that all the categories usually gives an attempt to imprison, contain and also limit from growth. Due to this, the categories will be disrupted and other new ones will be created. The new ones created will be for very few years. The conc epts created poses a lot of effort in the transition and they are usually not fixed. Anzaldua views the writing act as that of being transformative and liberal. This is mainly through writing and thinking in some ways that show that knowledge systems that can be transformed at the end. The perspective of women oppression according to Hill Collins Hill Collins of the year 1997 usually argues that due to the intersecting position of race, class, and gender the black women as a whole usually possess some very unique characteristics of the world vision. When compared with the everyday experiences of all the black women, it is usually marked by an understanding of the intersectional of the oppression and the struggle of legacy against women oppression (Hirschmann, 2018). In this particular article, the quantitative analysis of the data that is from the national survey of all the black women is compared. There are some questions raised whether the black women as a whole group moves towards the standpoint that is described by Hill Collins. To what extent the Anzalduas theory is important to the women portrayal in the mainstream media and the women oppression in the present world. The theories of Anzaldua is the mentality in the borderlands' and they are usually taken from the real theory and later put into the actual action. This usually serves as a mirror that portrays the hybridity depiction and gives more emphasis on the significant stories of the true culture journey as a process of woman-centred (Espn, 2018). The actual book that is mostly dealt with is the Texas book of the Mexican border. In fact, most of the stories are usually inspired by growing or simply childhood in America. This is due to the fact that more standards are on the Mexican than American. However, in the areas where there are a lot of inhabitants are of Mexican origin. She also becomes punished for the heritage by the minority numerical. Afterwards, she later remembers how they used to be punished for simply being Mexican. This is oppression and can lead to a lot of defects. The main use of a borderland which is physical is usually very helpful and acts as a symbol for the psychological, emotional and the political forum of Mestiza. In fact, in many cases, the borderlands are usually present physically where two or more cultures are seen to be at the edge of the other. Therefore, it is very important to always note that the first preface of the very first edition of the borderlands will give an explanation of how and where the different people of different races usually occupies the same area or territory. Where in the cases of the lower and upper classes there is space of the individuals that usually shrinks with intimacy. The borderlands which are seen physically characterize the whole ceremony at large. The different parts of the whole narrative are usually set in separate locations from the perspective of the theatre. The reader is instilled some sense by Silko of the various differences between the different backgrounds of individuals in a polarized existence. This is the existence that refers to the different physical places terms that come as a representation of some categories and also the ethnic groups (Espn, 2018). For instance, most of the comrades are usually subjected to whiteness during the period of war and this reinforced to make a reference to some places. In most cases, it was usually the laughing and drinking with the platoon with the women who were born in Cleveland. Silko also uses some various physical borderlands that usually make an illustration of the conflicting nature of the polarity. The separated people in this category usually do not live in the areas of isolation but in most cases are usually forced to make some interactions in one way or the other that portrays the surface differences. Similarly to Anzaldua, she also uses the borderlands which are physical in symbolizing the whole scenario. This is where Tayo lives in the environment in the southwestern that is the same as the one portrayed by Anzaldua. The main battle is not only between the Indians and the white man but in most cases, the groups usually face some division amongst themselves as is illustrated by Silko. Also, in other cases, Tayo assisted as he had promised. This is seen after finding some wires sagging and also some trucks along the fences. This was seen as women oppression. CONCLUSION In conclusion, it is clearly seen that the feminist US history has been evolving from a womanhood notion that is on the basis of the normative model of the middle-class people. Therefore, a lot of women usually experiences some kind of recognition that in most cases women are usually diverse and views themselves to be very different. It is also stated that the major problem of feminism is how the whole condition is usually confused to that one group condition of all women. When making some assumptions of the middle-class experiences all the white women were a representation of the lives of women and some false unity amongst the women presupposed. By taking into account the forms which are overlapping and multiple of the oppression of women especially on the basis of colour there must be a negotiation in the third world. This reveals the diversity and complexity of the lives of women. For instance, in the US, the women of colour usually pass through a lot of struggle on defining who t hey are to the white men. The same occurs in the third world women who in most cases find themselves fighting against the experiences omission and the assumptions of the first world. Away from the notion of women the feminist theory in the US usually engages differently by focusing on the specific positioning of women in relation to the other categories changing. By addressing the oppression of women complexity of the whole multitude most of the communities are usually on the basis of race, gender, and class. The links of the political nature chosen to make a mark between the whole scenario struggles. The political alliances are usually formed by the race or sex of a person. Although this is mainly on the context or basis of the usual struggles contexts against the structure exploitation. In the present world, the feminism mainstream is usually engaged by diversity recognition and the formation of the coalitions of the cross-cultural injustices.

(STEADY STATE MODEL AND PERFORMANCE) of SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION Thesis

(STEADY STATE MODEL AND PERFORMANCE) of SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION GENERATORS OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT - Thesis Example The single phase induction generator has become one of the devices in consideration to achieve this goal it was explored with a view of bringing cost effective small power generator acceptable to the users. The induction generator is considered more advantageous as compared to the synchronous generator. It has the following advantages: rugged in construction, low maintenance and operational cost, self protection against fault, good dynamic fault, capable of generating power at varying speed and do not need brushes and commentators. The self excited induction motor uses turbines (steam, water and wind) as the prime mover to produce power. The prime mover rotates the rotor windings thereby causing it to cut the magnetic flux induced by the excitation windings connected to an external power source. The end of stator main windings is taken and connected to the required load. The induction generator only operates when there is the slip that is the rotor should rotate at a speed greater th an synchronous speed of the stator magnetic flux. The self excited single phase induction generator structure consist of the rotor (rotor windings) and stator (has both the main and exciting windings).The rotor shaft is connected to the prime mover while one end terminals of stator main windings has provision for load connection. The main winding has a series connected capacitor that regulates voltage output and provide power of the connected load. With no load connected to the main winding the generator after self-excitation run at desired speed and produces certain no-load voltage which can only be changed by varying the self-excitation capacitor accordingly. Connection of the load leads to drastic drop of terminal voltage due to increased reactive power VAR. To maintain the terminal voltage, capacitor value in the series with the load is increased to counter for the

Sony versus Hotz court case and decision Article

Sony versus Hotz court case and decision - Article Example His hacking also enabled him to have access to the PlayStation 3’s processor. It was Hotz’s actions that made Sony take him to court. Through the lawsuit, Sony sought to get a temporary restraining order against Hotz. Sony sued Hotz for allegedly violating the Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA), being involved in decryption of keys, and violating the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. At some point, the court granted Sony temporary injunction against Hotz. This was to prevent him from making public, information about how he hacked into the PlayStation 3 console. The court also granted Sony the right to know all those who had visited the website of the hacker (Hotz). After a long court battle, the matter was finally settled out of court when both parties reached an agreement based on certain terms and conditions. Hotz agreed to stop distributing the files he used to hack into PlayStation 3 and swore not to repeat the same actions ever again (Grazzini, 2011). In my opinion, the ruling whereby Hotz was required to stop publishing information about the files he used to hack into the PlayStation 3 was fair. This was because Hotz broke the law by hacking into the PlayStation 3 and deserved to be punished for it. I am of the opinion that he should have gotten a stricter punishment. The decision of the court to allow Sony to know all those who had visited Hotz website was not fair because it would infringe on the privacy of others. I do not think it was the visitors were on the wrong. They simply accessed information that had been put online for the public to

Resistance to Change phenomenon as a positive force for organisations Essay - 1

Resistance to Change phenomenon as a positive force for organisations - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that change is pervasive in every organization with the current economy, and it happens continuously at a rapid speed. On the other hand, resistance remains an inevitable response to any major change, and people naturally rush to defend their status quo especially during compromising status or security threats. According to Tanachart and Islam, organizational change can create cynicism and resistance in employees, which may sometimes make it difficult to implement organizational change. Nieuwenhuizen et al. define resistance as an action proposed to defend a person from the effects of change. The competition is quite high making change inevitable hence the need for every organization to manage change. Researchers argue that the employees will resist change despite its benefits to them and the organization. However, change resistance is the last thing that management would like during any changing process although theorists argue that it is helpful. Change is here to stay and any company, according to Hill and Jones without change risks a competition that could drive them out of business and possible closure. In any organizational structure, change comes from above, and therefore managers should possess a change management skill. Unfortunately, most employees do not respond positively to change, and that calls for managers to understand why they resist the change. Robert Kennedy once quoted that 20% of the people resist change. No matter the effectiveness of a leader, the change efforts will always face challenge or sabotage. For this reason, organizational change does not come easy, and two-thirds of organizational changes fail. Therefore, it is important for an organization to expect resistance and plan for it before commencing the change. This expectation will help the organization to prepare for the worst and apply change management skills in handling the resistance. Campbell emphasizes the need for managers to pos sess change management skills for the sake of handling resistance. Hill and Jones argue that the greatest significance of a change in any organization is that it presents conceptual scaffolding for people, the process, and the organization implementing change.

Behaviorists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Behaviorists - Essay Example According to Guthrie such change could be achieved if a person is determined to replace the old behavior with something new instead. This could be achieved employing his suggested methods to include the threshold means, exhaustion, and incompatible response approach. Guthrie’s idea of threshold adjustment states that behavior of a person can change if the stimulus is weak or could be tolerated. For instance, people who smoke may not be elicited to puff a cigarette if he can indulge reducing the number of sticks a day until eventually he would endure not to smoke. The threshold method is further reinforced through sidetracking. This is avoiding the cues that may compel undesirable behavior (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009) such as avoiding friends who smoke. Another helpful strategy is adopting the exhaustion mechanism which suggests repetition of the habit until the person feels the anguish of fatigue. An example would be to let the person smoke until he coughs or get sick. Such reac tion to smoking habit enables him to ultimately give up the habit. Equally important strategy is the use of incompatible response. Allowing the person to chew gum helps forge the link between the habit to smoke and the relief from smoking. Despite the proposed methods above, habits are hard to break. This is attributed to the familiar neural pathways involved.

Strategic Decision making creates global competitive advantage for Research Paper - 1

Strategic Decision making creates global competitive advantage for South African Breweries - Research Paper Example The firm strongly emphasizes on the continuous development of its strategies, through strategies as those described above. However, there are certain parts of the business strategy that need to be updated the soonest possible; reference is made to the HR policies of the firm, which have led to severe complaints by the employees and the development of strikes. The HR strategies of the firm are reviewed in this paper; reference is made specifically to the organizational strategies for employee motivation. Appropriate literature has been used for analyzing and evaluating the firm’s policies in the particular field; emphasis is given on the potential use of the expectancy theory for explaining and managing the lack of employee motivation in the particular organization. Also, strategic tools have been used for describing the firm’s internal and external environment – aiming to show the prospects of the firm to resolve effectively the particular organizational problem. The performance of South African Breweries in the local and the global market is depended on a series of factors; the figures included in the firm’s financial statements can be indicators for the firm’s performance up to now and its expected rate of growth. However, in order to identify the firm’s performance in the future it would be necessary to refer to the current market conditions – referring to the performance and the trends of the South African beverage industry; moreover, data on the firm’s performance up to now should be presented aiming to show the potentials of the firm to achieve a stable growth in the long term. Strategic tools, like the SWOT analysis and the PESTEL analysis will be employed in order to identify the conditions in the firm’s environment and retrieve information on the barriers that the firm’s has to face in the particular industry. Appropriate literature is also used for indicating the aspects and the pote ntial solutions of the

Universal Design of Learning Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Universal Design of Learning - Case Study Example These instructional methods can be modifications or accommodations. An accommodation method implies an adjustment to the teaching practices to occupy change of setting and scheduling. Basically the accommodation focuses on the change of format according to the accessibility of the student. A modification method implies to modify the material as per students requirements. Modification depends on modifying the learning, level of difficulty, level of excellence required through that learning, the way of testing that excellence and any other aspect of learning. For example, in case a student is facing difficulty in reading or has visual impairments. The school may choose to provide him\ a book with big printed letters on it i.e. an accommodation method or may substitute the previous book with a short or easy book with same learning level i.e. a modification method. A school may choose to give him either one or both methods to make an effective design for learning. 1. It can be decided to give lesser subjects to students or shorten the length of each subject. The school may choose to skip less important course areas in devising strategy for weak students. Students with weak fine motor skills may be given to block letters to print and not joint cursive hand writing. The establishment of a good collaborative Universal design for learning needs commitment and cooperation by teachers, community and the school system. A good Universal design for learning takes time to be established and effective. It also requires understanding, monitoring and resources. However the biggest factor is time to plan, develop and evaluate the system as per its objectives. A good planning process is done at all levels including the class room level. The idea of Universal design for learning is usually thought at state level or district level. District level is the top most level of planning and ensures the availability of resources, assistance and appropriate time by the concerned

Hard work vs Easy money Essay Example for Free

Hard work vs Easy money Essay The film industry is a very influential force in our society today because through it our choices, likes, beliefs, values and ideas are somehow affected and changed. It is so strong that sometimes it already affects our decisions and way of life. According to Supreme Court officials, the motion picture is a significant medium to convey ideas and beliefs so that in order for people who adheres democracy to make informed judgments on debatable issues or questions, they must be appropriately exposed to a fair and just representation of the ideas on all sides of said issues or questions. Americans value their freedom to express their thoughts and ideas, their freedom of speech that’s why the only reason why the constitutional rights to free speech is applied to film is because the movies or motion pictures are important medium for communication, for conveying information. Through this industry, a lot of people are educated, informed, and even transformed to better and useful individuals of the country because whether we like it or not, movies really inspire and motivate people. It touches their lives. However, movies are not created for mere entertainment only. Good or bad, they are still considered as important sociological and cultural documents of our times because they do not only record and reflect our values and ideas at the time the movie was created, they also shape them. For years, movies or films helped structure the American culture, the values, beliefs and traditions of the American people. Hollywood during the 1930s up the late of 1960s for example, helped in shaping up a shared concept of the American history and its role to other countries. Hollywood kept the American’s values and traditions alive during the Great Depression. Unfortunately though, after 1960, it produced films that targeted a smaller segment of the American population. Instead of producing and creating films that depicts the American’s common set of values, it began to venture and produce films with more conventional values. Movies do not only reflect social values of one’s country, it also shapes them. It reflects views about gender such as masculinity and femininity, about manners and/or ethics, language and some other characteristics that make up the society. Movies appeal to all classes and all levels in the economic ladder of one’s country. This is so because movies represent the values, aspirations, frustrations, and fantasies of these people. Movies definitely show the good and bad sides about life and about the world we live in. American History through Film During the Great Depression, between 1930s up to 1939, the American people were so devastated with the economic condition of the country. Money was scarce and life became difficult. To be able to cope with the new economic changes of their lives, the Americans began to patronize fictional movies to make their selves happy and alive. Movies, big bands, and all sorts of parlor and board games became a popular means of entertainment. Film production was accordingly organized on an industrial model and manufactured a mass-produced output aimed at capturing a secure audience share and thus realizing a substantial profit. As a commercial enterprise, American film developed as an entertainment industry, rather than as an educational instrument or art form (Horkheimer and Adorno 1972). Consequently, American dreams were turned into nightmares and bad dreams. What was once considered as the land of promise and of opportunity, of hope and of optimism, became the land of great desperation and depression. People began to question their leaders, their system of government and democracy. Some people moved to agricultural places to find a living. It was during this time that the people’s goal was that of survival instead of advancement. Other countries were also undergoing the same difficulties but the Americans were able to cope such that democracy prevailed in the country. To be able to help the people cope with their present situation, Hollywood created fictional films that entertained them. Popular movie stars played an important role in Hollywood cinema and became fantasy figures for idealized romance and desire (Dyer, 1979). Matinee idols such as Clark Gable, Bette Davis, Greta Garbo, Errol Flynn and Shirley Temple became popular. One of the top grossers during this time was Gone with the Wind (1939) and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). Consequently, Hollywood films were divided into the most popular types of genres like the western, melodrama, crime drama, costume film, horror film, and, with the coming of sound, the musical (Schatz, 1981). Film soon became the most popular and influential form of media culture in the United States (Sklar, 1975; Jowett, 1976). It became a source of leisure and socialization providing trends in fashion and designs, guides to love and relationships, marriage and professions. Some Americans thought that early films were produced largely for working class, immigrant and urban audiences, and some critics of the movies thought that they had negative or subversive effects (Jowett, 1976). Some others believed that these films help Americanize immigrants, to teach their audiences how to be good Americans, and to provide escape from the cares of everyday life (Ewen and Ewen, 1982). More theoretical approaches to Hollywood began emerging in the 1960s, including the ideological analyses of Cahiers du cinema and the extremely influential work associated with Screen that translated many key Cahiers and other works of French film theory, including Roland Barthes, Christian Metz, and others which generated much more sophisticated formal approaches to film (see Metz, 1974 and Heath, 1981). Some researchers believe that during this time feminism was considered to be important among the gender and that the construction of dominant ideologies of masculinity and femininity were a central aspect of Hollywood film (Kuhn, 1982; Kaplan, 1983). Studies also began appearing in the 1970s of the business of film, dissecting the political economy of the Hollywood studio system (see Balio, 1976 and 1985; Gomery, 1986; and Wasko 1994). Then the succeeding years became a turning point for Hollywood Films. Movie making became more of a business venture rather than an aid to promote entertainment and relaxation to people. During the past years globalization has made Hollywood film a popular business icon throughout the world. If Hollywood films became the most popular and well respected film company in the early years, dominating the world market, it became more so today with American global corporations promoting and distributing its products throughout the world. Hollywood films are the most capital and profit intensive and thus have the most advanced technological effects for every product released; they are marketed worldwide and patronized by all races around the globe. To this day, Hollywood movies are created not only to gain money but to also influence or change the beliefs and ideas of its audience. Some are produced with the purpose of arguing for the acceptance of some behaviors and lifestyles so that these become parts of the film maker’s concept of cultural morality. As concluded by the Barna Research Group, the single most influential profession in society today is the film business. Unfortunately, some producers, investors and film makers neglected or seem to forget their roles and responsibilities to the viewing public. Some create projects without understanding the basic principles on how this industry works and how it affects the lives, behaviors and values of its audience. Hard work vs. Easy money in Film making industry Film makers have an important role and a great responsibility when creating or producing films. They should be very careful especially when making stories that deals with history and with people’s lives. Although the film industry is not in business just to lose money, it should not be that its goal is to only gain money. There has to be some kind of balance between responsible film making, one that entertains and educates people and that which enables the business to keep going. According to some experts, this could be attained without losing either way. But how are they going to do this? Do they have to exert more efforts to be able to attain both objectives? Or they just have to forget that ‘role- and- responsibility thing’ and focus instead to earning more money? Film making is actually lots of hard work and more had works. Lack of talent according to recent research findings, is irrelevant to success in the film making world. According to Geoffrey Colvin, senior editor-at-large of the Fortune Magazine, â€Å"Talent doesn’t mean intelligence, motivation or personality traits. It’s an innate ability to do some specific activity especially well’. British-based researchers Michael J. Howe, Jane W. Davidson and John A. Sluboda concluded in an extensive study, â€Å"The evidence we have surveyed does not support the notion that excelling is a consequence of innate gifts. † Hard work and practice combined actually makes an individual a master of his craft. No one made it to the top without putting so much work on it. There’s no such thing as ‘born champion’ without going through a lot of work or effort. Greatness can never be achieved without hard work, hard labor. Hard work combined with practice equals work of high level performance and quality. Consistency too is important. Make quality movies all the time, hard yet worth the efforts. People patronize movies created by makers who adhere to the policy of producing high quality films. Filmmaking is making money consciously. Money is a resource material important to everybody, to businesses most especially. Businesses operate with the aim of gaining profits. Film making industry is not an exception. However, it should not be the main reason why the business exists. The role of movies Films have an important role in the lives of its viewers. It connects one generation to the other. It provides an image, concepts, and ideas of how people coped and dealt with their lives in the past; how families are formed or transformed and how it fell apart. It informs us past events, good or bad. It helps us realize that all human beings undergo turmoil and calamities throughout life. It helps us understand why we are here, why we are created, and why we exist. Films are stories about people, their experiences and how they go through life. Films are reflections of our past, present and future lives. Films do not only mirror the social and cultural backgrounds and attitudes of people in the past. It also provides evidences and records them for the future generation to see. Films are good sources of history, of culture and of people. Conclusion: Our world is very much structured by differing thoughts of both politicians and film makers in our society today. These thoughts and ideas are easily and quickly passed through the media that sometimes are readily accepted without thorough investigation for truth. Modern media are so powerful that they are able to deceive people. They can influence your thoughts and views about life. Film making is more than just a business or a calling; it is about influencing and transforming to be able to change the world. It is more than the value of money. Money is just an end. It won’t compensate to the changes that good films bring to its viewers. The visions created by prominent people in the industry has a profound or tremendous impact in our society, inspiring, motivating, and transforming people’s lives for the better. This is one of the few industries that are gifted with the opportunity and responsibility to change our society and our world. Therefore, film makers should be responsible enough to create films or movies that inspire people to do well and to make a difference in their lives. This is possible if they thought of film making as more than just an arena to make profits, to become rich and famous. We, as responsible citizens on the other hand, should be vigilant and exert influence over the cultural impact of the media. We should not patronize films that portray or show violence, subversive activities, and morally degrading stories to its viewers most especially the younger ones. We have a responsibility to protect our society too, that, we should not forget. Institutions, schools and other agencies need to exercise their cultural and social influence on these types of films too. They should condemn companies and personalities that market violence and immorality to viewers, young and old. This is the only way that we can declare war to irresponsible investors and artists. When we are vigilant to these types of propaganda and activities, we can’t certainly be affected or influenced by the film maker’s thoughts, values, ideas and beliefs and our traditional culture will not be in any way, structured by their concepts of the Modern American Culture.

The impact of change on the travel and tourism sector

The impact of change on the travel and tourism sector Analyze the impacts of issues and trends that drive change in the travel and tourism sector Due to the current trends and issues causing change in the travel and tourism sector, the businesses have to adapt to the changes and redesign their products and services. Many changes brought by globalization, technology, world political changes, economics changes and people attitude towards tourism have reshaped the industry altogether. The impacts of these trends and changed can be described below in the context of a major tourism brands. Due to the ageing of the population tourism, businesses are bound to hire older workers. Young people are more qualified and not willing to join the industry due to poor working conditions. Older people are less mobile and more demanding which will have impacts on wage rates and other costs to maintain staff. Lifestyles of the people have changed and their attitude towards tourism services has changed a great deal. People are more demanding and more price conscious now. Firms must cut costs and their profits in order to survive in a more competitive environment now. Technology have helped businesses cut down costs as it has enabled management to manage their resources efficiently and have reduced spare capacity. The increased use of telephone, 3G mobile and internet has helped consumers to access information regarding prices and value for money. This has resulted in a more intense competition. Hotels are responding to the situation by recruiting staff that have skills in information and communication technology. Outsourcing is a key phenomenon in the modern tourism industry. Different products esp. food is obtained from other producers and it’s hard to explain the origin of the food to consumers plus it puts an extra push on the costs involved. Globalization has not only benefited the tourism industry in terms of more revenue and clients but it has also been a sole reason for cheap skilled labor. Skilled labor from poorer regions can be attracted to the industry at relatively cheaper rates which would result in lower employment cost for hotels and catering industry. Globalization also provides this wonderful opportunity to exploit economies of scale. Globalization can cause homogenization in services which might not be good from the customer’s perspective but brand names do ensure higher product quality. Skills gap in the industry is adversely affecting the quality of services. Firms are in a position to charge prices of their own choice in such circumstances. However companies are finding a solution to the issue by providing on-job trainings or paying handsome wages to skillful workers and thus attracting more customers. However the wage rates are mostly affected by the local economic and industrial condition and educational level of the locality as well. Hotel industry is greatly affected by the changes in law as well over the last few years. There is a strong emphasis on working time regulations, minimum wage laws and other working conditions regulations. Laws banning smoking in public places and restaurants etc. are also have impacts in the tourism business. Hotels are now seeking cost effective labor and are more into application of technology. Government and other regulatory authorities are putting more and more pressure on catering firms now to take great care of hygiene and other food related issues. Greater awareness among the consumers related to diet and health have forced the catering businesses and restaurants to reduce the use of sugar and salt in their food. Due to the increased number of obesity cases, consumers are more conscious about the fats and calories rather than just taste. Customers want to know about the origin of the food as well. There is increased food labeling and more information is provided and displayed for the customers regarding the food and its ingredients. There is a great demand for food to be produced in a socially responsible way and this is helping in promoting good practices in the industry. The tourism industry faced a serious setback after the incident of 9/11. The US war on terror and the Iraq war changed the entire industry all together. Many incident s of attacks on tourists, kidnapping for ransom and other political gains were witnessed which created a sense of insecurity among the tourists. Many countries and regions were declared unsafe for tourists. Apart from US, many other cities in Europe and UK were also the victims of terrorism. Madrid and the London bombing somehow created this perception among the tourists that EU member states were the targets of the terrorists. The impact of this is likely to be long term as it will take a long time to restore the confidence of the tourists. Due to this lack of confidence the tourism industry has lost a lot of business and there is a serious decline in investment in this sector. Working conditions have deteriorated and level of employment is showing a downward trend. 4.2 Discuss the likely consequences of businesses failing to respond to market changes Many different businesses are facing many changes in the market. Such changes are economic, social, political and behavioral changes. Tourism industry is not an exception either. Over the last couple of decades the tourism industry has seen a tremendous amount of change and companies are always advised to adapt to these changes. Appropriate strategy and planning can make a company successful and make these changes as an opportunity rather than a threat. However, companies which are not being able to respond to these are likely to face many different failures and problems which are described below. Loss in Sales Revenues Companies which are unable to respond to changes in the market, they are most likely to lose customers and revenues. Due to increased competition and market forces, tourism businesses are bound to charge a low price and earn little profit margin so any failure to adapt to market changes are most likely to cause losses financially. Technology can save a great deal in this regard. Technology not only helps the industry to market their products but also helps in the reduction of labor costs. Different computer applications have made it possible to access and receive information and help in decision making process. A company is most likely to suffer a great deal if it’s unable to adapt to these technological changes. Loss of Competitive Edge As a famous saying goes â€Å"competition improves services†. Tourism industry is facing a strict competition and different businesses related to the industry are bound to cut down costs and still provide best quality services. By the proper change management strategy, businesses can obtain competitive edge over other competitors. The proper use of technology, hiring the skilled labor and other value added services can not only attract more customers but also be a cause of more market share. Failure to adapt to these trends and changes can be a reason of loss of competitive edge. Loss of Goodwill A business is most likely to damage its reputation in case of failure to adapt to changes and recent trends. A tourism business unable to provide valued services to its customers at reasonable price is surely going to lose its customers. Recent trends have shown that customers are most into green products and the hotels and catering industry are affected by this change a great deal. Hotels are expected to operate in an environment friendly manner and promote green practices. However if the businesses are unable to adapt to this, they are going to lose face in this changing market. Regulatory Issues Hotels, restaurants and catering businesses are bound to provide information regarding its products due to increased awareness among customers regarding food and its contents. Products labeling esp. in case of the catering industry has changed a great deal due to this trend. On the other hand there are now more regulations and laws related to the food industry. Use of some chemicals and other ingredients in the food products are banned. Smoking in restaurants and public places is not allowed. Similarly food businesses are properly inspected and regulated now. If restaurants and catering businesses do not take into account all these factors they might be facing some serious regulatory actions in many cases. There are some cases recently where the customers have sued the hotels and restaurants for food related issues. Government regulatory authorities also keep a check on this industry so any negligence in this aspect can be a cause of some serious consequences as well. Growth Issues A company will not be able to grow and expand its business if it is unable to adapt to changes and trends. Tourism businesses must hire human resource with good knowledge of the technology and customers service needs. Use of the technology and skillful labor helps in cutting down costs. Companies in tourism industry must also work in an environment social friendly manner because consumers are more aware and conscious now regarding environmental and social issues. They prefer to go for green products and thus can provide a competitive edge to the business. Failure to adapt to these changes and trends will result in decline in the revenue and thus growth will not be possible. References: http://www.tourismandmore.com/tidbits/confronting-change-in-the-tourism-industry/ http://www.tourismandmore.com/tidbits/why-tourism-industries-fail-part-1/

Portuguese Essay :: Papers

A nossa associaà §Ãƒ £o, ou seja, a Associaà §Ãƒ £o de Professores para a Educaà §Ãƒ £o Intercultural fez agora, em Setembro de 2003, dez anos. Surgiu ligada a um projecto que existiu no tempo em que o Engenheiro Roberto Carneiro era Ministro da Educaà §Ãƒ £o, que foi sem dà ºvida, para mim, mas tambà ©m sou duvidosa ao afirmar isto porque ele foi meu professor e eu gosto imenso dele e surgiu praticamente porque ele comeà §ou a preocupar-se com estas situaà §Ãƒ µes dos filhos dos imigrantes que vinham das ex-colà ³nias e, entà £o, criou uma Instituià §Ãƒ £o que se chamava Secretariado Coordenador de Programas para a Educaà §Ãƒ £o Intercultural, chamado o Entreculturas. O Entreculturas, depois de um diagnà ³stico feito por alguns elementos no terreno, verificou-se que era necessà ¡rio dar formaà §Ãƒ £o nesta à ¡rea da multiculturalidade e fundou-se, nessa altura a Associaà §Ãƒ £o que tinha sede numa salinha do Secretariado de Entreculturas. Porquà ª a Associaà §Ãƒ £o? Porque era necessà ¡rio para este tipo de actividades, era necessà ¡rio para dar formaà §Ãƒ £o e para que as pessoas tenham crà ©dito, à © necessà ¡rio, realmente, que a Instituià §Ãƒ £o esteja acreditada por um centro de conselho cientifico-pedagà ³gico da formaà §Ãƒ £o contà ­nua e a Associaà §Ãƒ £o nos seus estatutos que, para alà ©m do seu estatuto normal que ela tem, a Associaà §Ãƒ £o tinha, tambà ©m, dentro do estatuto, um centro de formaà §Ãƒ £o. A sala onde vocà ªs està £o à © a sala do centro de formaà §Ãƒ £o, a sala dali à ©, digamos, aquela que lida melhor à   da direcà §Ãƒ £o, a da presidente e aqui à ©, sem dà ºvida, o sà ­tio onde nà ³s fazemos a formaà §Ãƒ £o acreditada e outro tipo de formaà §Ãƒ £o, onde organizamos dossiers, prodeps. 2. Quais as vertentes em que a formaà §Ãƒ £o se baseia? Em và ¡rias vertentes, desde que tenha haver com a multiculturalidade. Portanto, as acà §Ãƒ µes està £o todas elas viradas para a multiculturalidade e somos, sem dà ºvida, o à ºnico centro de formaà §Ãƒ £o que tem esta especificidade, neste momento. 3. Qual à © o pà ºblico-alvo destas formaà §Ãƒ µes? As formaà §Ãƒ µes sà £o para professores, comeà §aram por ser, segundo a legislaà §Ãƒ £o, e para formaà §Ãƒ £o contà ­nua de professores. A legislaà §Ãƒ £o foi alterada ultimamente que tambà ©m dà ¡ para membros, e jà ¡ temos tido, de

Tropicana Drops Package Redesign Essay -- Business Analysis

This article discusses how Tropicana redesigned their packaging and how it plans to bring back the previous version. This change was made in order to attract more customers to buy the product. Introduction The source for this article was found on New York Times online. Stuart Elliott. â€Å"Tropicana Discovers Some Buyers Are Passionate About Pacakaging†. Retrived Feburary 23, 2009. http://www.nvtimes.com/2009/02/23/business/media/23adocl.html? Why Change? Tropicana has decided to return to its orginal packaging and symbol of one of the most favorite bands of organge juice. The PepsiCo Americas Beverage division is changing their flagship product of Tropicana Pure Premium organge juice because some of the customers did not like the new design of the product. One of the worst things about the Tropicana redesign was the lost of the famous orange and straw. They described the new packaging as being† ugly†, and â€Å"resembling a generic brand†. When I first saw the Tropicana juice pacakaging, I thought that it was a store brand. Therefore I did not purchase the product because I assumed that it would not taste the same. The new design made it more difficult to distingush among the varities of Tropicana juices. A lot of the customers missed the old design which consisted of an organge with a straw in the middle. According to our text, â€Å"a firm’s external envionment consists of all the conditions and forces that affect its strategic options and define its competitive situation†. (Pearce & Robinson. 2009, pg. 12). The customers who used Tropicana felt better buying the orginal tropicana because they said that† the organge symbol meant to evoke fresh taste†. When you change the packaging of the product, most feel as though the conte... ...ny more ways to come up with new products for them to try. If customers are dissatified, it gives the company an opportunity to allow customer feedback and be able to change what they do not like about the product and to improve it. Tropicana has been around for a long time and some customers are use to drinking this kind of organge juice. I know the customers did the right thing by voicing their opinion because if they didn’t the company would think that customers were pleased with this new design when apparently they didn’t like it at all. Works Cited Pearce J., & Robinson R. (2009). Strategic management: Formulation implementation and control (11th ed.) New York : McGraw-Hill Irwin. Stuart Elliott. â€Å"Tropicana Discovers Some Buyers Are Passionate About Pacakaging†. Retrived Feburary 23, 2009. http://www.nvtimes.com/2009/02/23/business/media/23adocl.html?

News Coverage of September 11th, 2001 Essay -- Terrorism and Journalis

The attack that occurred on September 11th, 2001 on the World Trade Center in New York City is an event that lingers in the minds of many Americans and other people throughout the world. Most people can recall exactly where they were and whom they were with when they first heard about the airplanes crashing into the towers. It was a day that changed the way people looked at the world and brought to light the realities that even the wealthiest and most military advanced country was not safe from acts of terrorism. The dangers posed by religious extremist were being carried out on national and international news outlets live in front of millions if not billions of people worldwide. The events that occurred on this day changed the way journalism was practiced both by U.S. and foreign media outlets. This essay examines how domestic and foreign news stations covered the events of 9/11. As the events unfolded right in front of the eyes of America the framing of the news that day was done without preparation. Recollecting back to September 11th, 2001 the images being seen across the world were astonishing. In the beginning of the news coverage by the majority of the news stations both national and international, everyone seemed to be amazed and confused about what exactly was going on. No one knew if the first plane was purposely crashed into the first tower or if it were a small passage plane that accidently flew into its side. Once the second plane crashed into the other tower it was evident that it was done deliberately. Live broadcast from Sky news focused on the live events as they were taking place. Sky news relied on images from colleague stations in the United States such as CBS and FOX news channels to bring live image feeds from New York City into the homes of people in Europe. Sky news did not associate terrorism with the plane crash into the World Trade Center until after the second plane crashed into it because it was evident it was done so purposely. BBC World as they reported the events in New York City, would only classify the event as two plane accidents and did not associate it to any act of terrorism. According to â€Å"Television journalism during terrorist attacks† by Kirsten Mogensen, she states â€Å"terror events happen so quickly that there is hardly anytime to check the information. On September 11th, 2001, major television networks ... ... of 9/11: Towards an Interdisciplinary Explanation of the Construction of News.† Journalism (London, England) 11.5 (2010): 567-88. Print. BBC 9/11 Coverage. 2001. Retrieved February 5th, 2011, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15_DS_6kZ1k&NR=1 Hahn, Oliver. â€Å"Transatlantic Foreign Reporting and Foreign Correspondents After 9/11.† The international journal of press/politics 14.4 (2009): 497-515. Print. Li, Xigen, and Ralph Izard. â€Å"9/11 Attack Coverage Reveals Similarities, Differences.† Newspaper Research Journal 24.1 (2003): 204. Print. Mogensen, Kirsten. â€Å"Television Journalism during Terror Attacks.† Media, war & conflict 1.1 (2008): 31-49. Print. NBC 9/11/01 2nd Plane Collides. 2001. Retrieved February 5th, 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Tl__04Xoi0&feature=related PÅ‚udowski, Tomasz. How the World’s News Media Reacted to 911 :Essays from Around the Globe. Spokane, Wash.: Marquette Books, 2007. Print. Sky News September 11th, 2001. 2001. Retrieved February 4th, 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=449lQO93JU&feature=related Stacks, John. â€Å"Hard Times for Hard News: A Clinical Look at U.S. Foreign Coverage.† World policy journal 20.4 (2003): 12-21. Print. News Coverage of September 11th, 2001 Essay -- Terrorism and Journalis The attack that occurred on September 11th, 2001 on the World Trade Center in New York City is an event that lingers in the minds of many Americans and other people throughout the world. Most people can recall exactly where they were and whom they were with when they first heard about the airplanes crashing into the towers. It was a day that changed the way people looked at the world and brought to light the realities that even the wealthiest and most military advanced country was not safe from acts of terrorism. The dangers posed by religious extremist were being carried out on national and international news outlets live in front of millions if not billions of people worldwide. The events that occurred on this day changed the way journalism was practiced both by U.S. and foreign media outlets. This essay examines how domestic and foreign news stations covered the events of 9/11. As the events unfolded right in front of the eyes of America the framing of the news that day was done without preparation. Recollecting back to September 11th, 2001 the images being seen across the world were astonishing. In the beginning of the news coverage by the majority of the news stations both national and international, everyone seemed to be amazed and confused about what exactly was going on. No one knew if the first plane was purposely crashed into the first tower or if it were a small passage plane that accidently flew into its side. Once the second plane crashed into the other tower it was evident that it was done deliberately. Live broadcast from Sky news focused on the live events as they were taking place. Sky news relied on images from colleague stations in the United States such as CBS and FOX news channels to bring live image feeds from New York City into the homes of people in Europe. Sky news did not associate terrorism with the plane crash into the World Trade Center until after the second plane crashed into it because it was evident it was done so purposely. BBC World as they reported the events in New York City, would only classify the event as two plane accidents and did not associate it to any act of terrorism. According to â€Å"Television journalism during terrorist attacks† by Kirsten Mogensen, she states â€Å"terror events happen so quickly that there is hardly anytime to check the information. On September 11th, 2001, major television networks ... ... of 9/11: Towards an Interdisciplinary Explanation of the Construction of News.† Journalism (London, England) 11.5 (2010): 567-88. Print. BBC 9/11 Coverage. 2001. Retrieved February 5th, 2011, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15_DS_6kZ1k&NR=1 Hahn, Oliver. â€Å"Transatlantic Foreign Reporting and Foreign Correspondents After 9/11.† The international journal of press/politics 14.4 (2009): 497-515. Print. Li, Xigen, and Ralph Izard. â€Å"9/11 Attack Coverage Reveals Similarities, Differences.† Newspaper Research Journal 24.1 (2003): 204. Print. Mogensen, Kirsten. â€Å"Television Journalism during Terror Attacks.† Media, war & conflict 1.1 (2008): 31-49. Print. NBC 9/11/01 2nd Plane Collides. 2001. Retrieved February 5th, 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Tl__04Xoi0&feature=related PÅ‚udowski, Tomasz. How the World’s News Media Reacted to 911 :Essays from Around the Globe. Spokane, Wash.: Marquette Books, 2007. Print. Sky News September 11th, 2001. 2001. Retrieved February 4th, 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=449lQO93JU&feature=related Stacks, John. â€Å"Hard Times for Hard News: A Clinical Look at U.S. Foreign Coverage.† World policy journal 20.4 (2003): 12-21. Print.

A Case study of Intel Essay

Introduction In this case, I’ve studied the globally known semiconductor manufacturer, which is the Intel. The purpose of the study is to analyze the objectives and strategies used by Intel, SWOT analyzing and discuss major issues or problems that the company faced. About: Intel Corporation is the biggest semiconductor manufacturer in the world and has changed the global marketplace radically since it was founded in 1968. The first handheld calculators and PCs (Personal Computers) were developed through the innovation of Intel’s microprocessors. In the early 70’s increased competition from Japanese semiconductor manufacturers had dramatically reduced the profitability of this market this made Intel to shift the company’s focus to microprocessors. From the late 80s until the late 90s Intel had a 10-year period of unprecedented growth as the primary hardware supplier to the PC industry, supplying microprocessor to IBM. Intel’s product line of Pentium processors had become a household name. Today at least 80% of Intel’s processors are used in PCs globally. Their product line consists of: chipsets, motherboards, flash memory used in wireless communications, networking devices, laser printers, industrial machinery, and cellular phone base stations. Mission: Delight our customers, employees, and shareholders by relentlessly delivering the platform and technology advancements that become essential to the way we work and live. Values: Customer Orientation Results Orientation Risk Taking Great Place to Work Quality Discipline Objectives: â€Å"Extend our silicon technology and manufacturing leadership Deliver unrivaled microprocessors and platforms Grow profitability worldwide Excel in customer orientation† Major issues and Problems: 1. Dust would contaminate the circuits during manufacturing. Solution: Intel developed â€Å"clean rooms† for keeping dust out of the process. Recommendation: I agree with the decision of the company to develop â€Å"clean rooms†. Now that they already have these rooms, they can now have a product that would work 101% at its best for the consumers. . 2. Etch circuit lines on silicon wafers, without having the etched lines fracture and break as the water was heated and cooled repeatedly during the manufacturing process. Solution: To â€Å"dope† the metal oxide with impurities, making it less brittle. Intel subsequently went to some lengths to keep this aspect of the manufacturing process secret from competitors for as long as possible. Recommendation: Intel is so intelligent and optimistic for its products. With this problem at that time I am pretty sure only Intel thought of this wonderful solution. With this, the challenge now is to maintain this technique or process to constantly produce â€Å"quality† products. 3. Intel underestimated Japanese threats in terms of technology which resulted to dropping off DRAM; one of their flagship product. Solution: Intel did not risk investing a new fabrication facility at a cost of $600 million that might affect the operation of its other products especially the microprocessor. Recommendation: Intel should’ve been more conscious and aware of the possibilities and facts that new entrants and competitors will always be a threat for the company. With its decision, it is kind of frustrating for the fact that the DRAM was once the best innovation and product of Intel. But the company left with no choice but to exit the DRAM business. I wouldn’t risk my other products to get affected by this mistake. 4. The company exited its struggling communication chip business. The workforce was cut by 20,000, while costs were reduced by $3 billion. Solution: The company did not lose sight of the need to produce processors for mobile devices. In mid-2008, Intel introduced a new line of low-power consumption chips called atom. Intel has also been making moves into the graphics chip business. Recommendation: Persistence and perseverance for your product should always be present in the company. I just commend Intel for being so flexible and how quick they are in satisfying the ever changing demands of the consumers. Study Key success factors for Intel: Management Intel placed top priority on their people, and encouraged openness, fairness, and responsibility, Intel was able to take full advantage of its workers. Mistakes The most talented and brightest people that were employed were given leverage when mistakes were made so that they would be encouraged to develop breakthrough technologies. Hard Work Moore and Noyce refused to shy away from their inexperience and being willing to do what work they needed. Also admitting their limitations, they were able to seek out qualified employees to help build the company. Competition They learned that the key to entrepreneurial success was by being in a constant state of awareness and fear of your competitors, entrepreneurs can become proactive instead of reactive, seizing new opportunities as they present themselves instead of letting them pass them by. Exclusivity By specializing and focusing on a niche market, Intel was able to not only stand out from the crowd, but to become market leader in the industry. Competitive Advantage: Expertise in Manufacturing Highest standards in high-quality clean production The company invests vast sums in R&D and manufacturing It designs quality products It is able to leverage its manufacturing capability. This means it can increase production to bring product to market in large volumes. Increasing volume and getting the product onto the market as quickly as possible are important elements in creating and maintaining a competitive advantage. It has a regular cadence (or rhythm) to the development of new products or improvements to existing ones Analysis SWOT: Strengths Intel is a globally recognized brand name and has strong brand loyalty from its consumers. Intel was the pioneer in microprocessors for PCs and memory devices. Intel is a global technology corporation and the world’s largest producer of semiconductor chip, based on revenue. Intel presently has around 80% of the microprocessor market share whereas AMD has roughly 17% of the market. Intel distinguished itself from a ‘commodity’ like position and established itself as the ‘brains’ of the computer industry Weaknesses Intel has been accused of using divisive strategies in defense of its market position against its competitors. Intel had uses its market dominance to unfairly stifle competition Since 2000, Intel could not maintain the position as the dominant supplier of microprocessor in the industry. Retail prices are higher compared to competitors. Opportunities Product development and markets penetration in the existing markets is also a good opportunity. Advancement in technology also provides the opportunity to offer new products. Offering more diversification with their products in related and unrelated business such as: security devices, broadband and cellular industry. Backward and forward integration may reduce the cost, improve the quality and service. Threats Advancement in technology obsoletes the manufacturing facilities and products. The strong price war is going on between PC producers. Many competent PC makers are using inferior performance IC’S. Changing customer taste and preferences along with the reduction in brand loyalty is a major threat. Currency changeability in different countries create problem for the business of the company. The company is facing strong competition to sustain its market share. Intel Corporation is facing strong political instability, regulation and tariffs in different countries. Product specialization of Intel can become a big threat. Having a limited product line Intel runs the risk of being forced out of the market by a better product. The fast development of cell phones and other mobile gadgets can perform the same tasks as PCs and is having a major negative impact on the PCs market. Conclusion Technology Strategy Intel began in memory production and development in 1968 Competition with Japanese firms with larger economies of scale reduced Intel’s market share (see functional map of Intel’s DRAM market share) Intel’s development of the microprocessor (first designed in 1970) led to more and more R&D being assigned to this branch of the company Technology strategy change came from the middle of the company, DRAM was still pursued from senior managements perspective until 1986 Microprocessor development allowed Intel to sustain its revenue increases In 2001, Intel produced microprocessors with integrated Wi-Fi In early 2000s, Intel invested heavily in semiconductor production facilities to achieve overwhelming economies of scale Also in early 2000s, Intel launched several products into non PC markets for their semiconductor technology, most of which were unsuccessful Intel’s technology strategy has changed from a focus on DRAM, to a focus on microprocessors, and then on to heavily specialising in the field of microprocessors to achieve overwhelming productivity that has enabled Intel to sell their logic products at competitive prices to companies producing things other than PCs Product/Market Strategy Aggressive marketing strategy in 1980 (Project â€Å"CRUSH†) coincides with IBM’s entry into the PC market, this repeats with Project â€Å"CHECKMATE† to secure more IBM contracts Intels primary buyer shifts to Compaq in 1986 because IBM would not commit to 80386, Intel can effectively play the big buyers (see functional map of buyers revenue) against each other, Intel’s higher revenue (see functional map) suggests more power lies with Intel â€Å"Intel Inside† marketing strategy to engage with the end user in 1990 lead to big gains in revenue 1990-1995 (see functional map of Intel revenue) Developed pricing strategy to increase premium on new chip designs to reduce demand when production was being ramped up, this extra profit also helped to cover start-up costs (see functional map, price of different processors) Marketing strategy moved away from PCs in late 1990s, early 2000s as the prices of semiconductor products came down Diversified buyers as Intel produces chips for different types of products, e.g. phones, TVs, communications equipment Intel’s product/market strategy has changed from having buyers only in the PC industry to having buyers in many different industries that rely on semiconductor products. Its current efforts are to increase its market share in these non-PC areas. Development Goals Development goals from 1968 to early 2000s remained constant, be the first to market with the best product This goal was not achievable in DRAM, but was achievable in microprocessors Practically, the development of the company had shifted towards the ‘logic’ side of the business before the official stance changed, so Intel was well positioned to take advantage of conditions within the industry (using clever marketing and buyer manipulation) to emerge as the star player As the PC market for semiconductors matured, other industries opened up that required logic, in the early 2000s Intel was trying to develop into a supplier for many different industries, and in some cases selling directly to consumers Intel’s goals have changed from dominating the PC semiconductor industry to diversifying their products and buyers to participate in more markets. Bibliography and References http://news.softpedia.com/news/Intel-Says-Its-Back-With-a-Vengeance-66998.shtml http://news.softpedia.com/news/Intel-s-Branding-Plans-Desconspired-12675.shtml http://www.docstoc.com/docs/61656370/Marketing-Strategy-for-Intel http://essaysforstudent.com/print.html?id=78018 http://essaysforstudent.com/Business/Intel-Pestel-Five-Forces-Analysis/75349.html http://www.zdnet.com/blog/computers/is-intel-pricing-itself-out-of-the-tablet-pc-market-with-new-atom-z670-processor/5271?tag=content;search-results-rivers http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/bios/lcrone.htm   

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Disease

Non- Hodgkin’s Lymphoma or NHLs are a heterogenous group of cancers that originate from the neoplastic growth of lymphoid tissue. As in CLL, the neoplastic cells are thought to arise from a single clone of lymphocytes; however, in NHL, the cells may vary morphologically. Most NHLs involve malignant B lymphocytes; only 5% involve T lymphocytes. In contrast to Hodgkin’s disease, the lymphoid tissues involved are largely infiltrated with malignant cells. The spread of these malignant lymphoid cells occurs unpredictably, and true localized disease is uncommon. Lymph nodes from multiple sites may be infiltrated, as may sites outside the lymphoid system (extra nodal tissue). The incidence of NHL has increased dramatically over the past decade; it is now the fourth most common type of cancer diagnosed in the United States and the fifth most common cause of cancer death.   The incidence increases with each decade of life; the average age at diagnosis is 50 to 60 years old. Although no common etiologic factor has been identified, there is an increased incidence of NHL in people with immunodeficiencies or autoimmune disorders, viral infections including Epstein- Barr virus and HIV, or exposure to pesticides, solvents, dyes, helicobacter pylori, human T cell leukemia, and hepatitis C virus. Researchers also say that obesity could be one of the risk factors of having Non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma and those whose occupation involves chemicals and herbicides.   Prognosis varies greatly  among the various types of NHL. Long term survival more than 10 years is commonly achieved in low- grade, localized lymphomas. Even with aggressive disease forms, cure is possible in at least one third of patients who receive aggressive treatments. Symptoms are highly variable, reflecting the diverse nature of these diseases. With early- stage disease, or with the types that are considered more indolent, symptoms may be virtually absent or very minor, and the illness typically is not diagnosed until it progresses to a later stage, when the patient is more symptomatic. At these stages III or IV, lymphadenopathy is noticeable. One third of patients have â€Å"B† symptoms like recurrent fever, drenching night sweats, and unintentional weight loss of 10% or more. Non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma usually begins with the presence of one or more swollen lymph nodes on the side of the neck, collarbone, and under the arms. The most common sites for lymphadenopathy are the cervical, supraclavicular, and mediastinal nodes, involvement of the iliac or inguinal nodes or spleen is much less common. A mediastinal mass maybe seen on the chest x- ray; occasionally, the mass is large enough to compress the trachea and cause dyspnea.   Pruritus is common; it can be extremely distressing, and the cause is unknown. Approximately 20% of patients experience brief but severe pain after drinking alcohol. All organs are vulnerable to invasion of NHL. The symptoms result from compression of organs by the tumor, such as cough and pulmonary effusion, jaundice from hepatic involvement or bile duct obstruction, abdominal pain from  Splenomegaly or retroperitoneal adenopathy, or bone pain which is from skeletal involvement. Herpes zoster infections are common. A cluster of constitutional symptoms has important prognostic implications. A mild anemia is the most common hematologic finding. The WBC count may be elevated or decreased. The platelet count is suppressing hematopoiesis. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate or ESR and the serum copper level are used by some clinicians to assess disease activity. The actual diagnosis of NHL is categorized into a highly complex classification system based on histopathology, immunophenotyping, and cytogenetic analyses of the malignant cells. The specific histopathologic type of the disease has important prognostic implications. Treatment also varies and is based on these features. Indolent or less aggressive types tend to have small cells and are distributed in a follicular pattern. Aggressive types tend to have large or immature cells distributed through the nodes in a diffuse pattern. Staging, also an important factor is typically based on data obtained from CT scans, bone marrow biopsies, and occasionally cerebrospinal fluid analysis. The stage is based on the site of disease and its spread to other sites. For example, in stage 1 disease is highly localized and may respond well to localize therapy like radiation therapy. In contrast, stage IV disease is detected in at least one extra nodal site. Although low- grade lymphomas may not require treatment until the disease progresses to a later stage, historically they have also been relatively unresponsive to treatment in that most therapeutic modalities did not improve overall survival. More aggressive types of NHL like Lymphoblastic lymphoma and Burkitt’s lymphoma require prompt initiation of chemotherapy; however, these types tend to be more responsive to treatments. Treatment is based on the actual classification of disease, the stage of disease, prior treatment, and the patient’s ability to tolerate therapy. If the disease is not an aggressive form and is truly localized, radiation alone may be the treatment of choice. With aggressive types of NHL, aggressive combinations of chemotherapeutic agents are given even in early stages. More intermediate radiation therapy for stage 1 and II disease. The biologic agent interferon has been approved for the treatment of follicular low- grade lymphomas, and an antibody to CD20, rituximab (Rituxan), has been effective in achieving partial responses in patients with recurrent low- grade lymphoma. Studies of this agent in combination with conventional chemotherapy have demonstrated an improvement in survival as well. Central nervous system involvement is also common with some aggressive forms of NHL; in this situation, cranial radiation or intrathecal chemotherapy is used in addition to systemic chemotherapy. Treatment after relapse is controversial. Much is known about the long term effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, primarily from the large numbers of people who were cured of by these treatments. The various complications are immune dysfunction, herpes infections, pneumococcal sepsis, acute myeloid leukemia or AML, Myelodysplastic syndrome or MDS, solid tumors, thyroid cancer, thymic hyperplasia, hypothyroidism, Pericarditis, cardiomyopathy, pneumonotis, avascular necrosis, growth retardation, infertility, impotence and dental caries. Aside from radiation therapy and chemotherapy, there are also stem cell transplantation, biologic therapy and radio immunotherapy. To diagnose Non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma with a patient, a nurse or a health care professional should do physical examination and anamnesis or a family history of the patient which could present the possibilities that he or she could have NHL. Most of the care for patients with Non- Hodgkin’s disease is performed in the outpatient setting, unless complications occur like infection, respiratory compromise due to mediastinal mass. For patients who require treatment, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are most commonly used. Chemotherapy cause systemic side effects like myelosuppression, nausea, hair loss, risk for infection, whereas the side effects from radiation therapy are specific to the area being irradiated. For example, patients receiving abdominal radiation therapy may experience nausea and diarrhea but not hair loss. Regardless of the type of treatment, all patients may experience fatigue. The risk of infection is significant in patients, not only from treatment related myelosuppression but also from the defective immune response that results from the disease itself. Patients need to be taught to minimize the risk for infection, to recognize signs of possible infection, and to contact the health care professional should such signs develops. Many lymphomas can be cured with current treatments. However, as survival rates increase, the incidence of second malignancies, particularly AML or MDs, also increases. Therefore, survivors should be screened regularly for the development of second malignancies. The nurse should instruct the patient to stay away from strenuous activities. He should always have the time to get adequate rest. And the nurse should encourage the patient to take medications religiously, increase fluid intake. The patient should be instructed to keep himself from any injuries and falls. The nurse should raise side rails if the patient it admitted in a hospital. The family should also be instructed to just keep on showing some support towards the patient. Hhould always rie and falls. he patient to take medications religiously, increase fluid intake. the   uld always have the time to get adequate rest. an trenous . g NOn- could have NHL. amination and anamnesis or a family histor Having Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is not that good. Patients are sometimes emotionally disturbed especially if they are working and they are the ones supporting their respective families. They would also think of the payments in the electricity, hospital bills and medication. Whenever patients asked something about his/ her condition, the health care professional should be able to answer it to help the patient alleviate worrying. The patient and his/ her family should be given support groups for counseling and for them to be able to express their emotions towards the current situation they are in.h care professional should be able to answer it to ent. ng whenever swollen lymphnodes are References: 1 Cavalli, F. (1998). Rare syndromes in Hodgkin’s and Non- Hodgkin’s. Annals of Oncology. 9 (Suppl. 5), S109- S113. 2. Coiffer, B. (2002). Rituximab in the treatment of diffuse large B- cell lymphomas. Seminars in Oncology, 29 (1, Suppl. 2), 30- 35. 3. Porth, C. M. (2002). Pathophysiology: Concepts of altered health states (6th Ed.).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 4. Skeel, R. (Ed.). (1999). Handbook of Cancer Chemotherapy (5th Ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 5. Smeltzer, Suzanne, and Brenda G. Bare. Medical- Surgical Nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004.                                 

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Essay

From the first day a child is born, parents are there to nurture their child, to support them as they grow and develop. There is a lot to learn about raising a child under normal circumstances, but when a child has special needs parents must learn this whole new language of medical and special education terms (Overton, 2005). Parents enter this new world where navigating for the best interest of their child is riddled with challenges and obstacles that they need to somehow overcome. This is especially true when parents are dealing with the special education program in their child’s school. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires parental involvement in the education of children with disabilities (Smith, Hilton, Murdick, &ump; Gartin, 2005). The IDEA also guarantees civil rights to children with disabilities and encourages parents to act as an advocate for their child. This seems like it would encourage school professionals and parents to work close together in obtaining the best services needed for the child. Unfortunately it often leads to a struggle in balanc†¦ http://www. 123helpme. com/family-collaboration-in-special-education-preview. asp? id=206428 One of the most controversial issues facing educators today is the topic of educating students with disabilities, specifically through the concept of inclusion. Inclusion is defined as having every student be a part of the classroom all working together no matter if the child has a learning disability or not (Farmer) (Inclusion: Where We’ve Been.. , 2005, para. 5). The mentally retarded population has both a low IQ and the inability to perform everyday functions. Activities such as eating, dressing, walking, and in some cases, talking can be hopeless to a child with mental retardation. Schooling for the disabled requires a special environment—one that only a few teachers have the gift to care for. Instead of looking out for the child’s needs, the government is focused on passing test grades and social skills. Mentally retarded children require a highly trained special education teacher, patience for behavioral issues, and are also required to pass standardized tests; public education for these students move at a faster pace than they can comprehend and lack the personal focus that †¦ http://www. 123helpme. com/special-needs-education-preview. asp?id=206359 Special education essays have become common in recent years because of the need to address this issue in modern days. As a result, students especially those studying special education are oftentimes required to write special education essays by their tutors. As a result, it is essential for students to develop competitive writing skills. When asked to write a special education essay, students need to have factual information in order to have a coherent flow of information. This flow is crucial in helping the reader to understand the essay with a lot of ease. Above all, it is necessary to define special education, the people who need it, and why they need it. Special Education Education is very important in any society. For this reason, some people have gone ahead to describe education as the source of knowledge. In other worlds, one cannot be knowledgeable when he or she does not have education. Importantly, various groups require different forms of education. For instance, the society is made up of people with various needs, like the sick, elderly, children or even disabled ones. In this regard, special education essays must address the fact that special education is designed for students with special needs in the society. In most cases, this education is tailored in manner that addresses the needs of the students. In order to achieve this, teachers are tasked with drafting of teaching procedures and equipment to enhance the learning process. Together with accessible settings, these conditions are necessary to enhance the learning process and ensure that students with special needs are not denied chance gain knowledge and sharpen their skills. In other words, special education eliminates barriers, which exist when a student with special needs is admitted and exposed to a normal classroom setting without any special consideration. What are these special needs, which qualify a student to be considered for special education? Firstly, students with challenges in learning have to be considered. In a normal class, there could students who find it hard to learn because of some reasons. Such students need specialized attention so that they are not disadvantaged in the learning process. When writing special education essays, it is also important to address the issue of communication challenges. These challenges occurs because of poor proficiency in the language being used, thus causing a communication barrier. The commonest factor is physical disabilities. Students with disabilities require specialized education for them to gain knowledge and become productive in the society. These disabilities may include hearing and sight problems. They may also have deformed limbs, as a result of natural birth or accidents. Additionally, students with emotional, behavioral, and developmental disorders require special education. Are you looking for competitive essay writing help? Are you in need of essay writers online? Do you want to buy research papers? We have excellent homework help to meet your needs. Our custom essays focus on your instructions. We provide you with high quality online homework help and best essay writing service to guarantee you A+ grades. http://www. stellacostello. net/special-education-essay/ One of the largest controversies faced by schools today is the mandated implementation of inclusion of students with special needs into general education classrooms. Many administrators, teachers, and parents question the possible academic effects of students with special needs being placed into general education classrooms and being held accountable for the material taught. _______ Rather than segregating students based on their differences, inclusion recognizes that all students are learners who benefit from a meaningful, challenging, and appropriate curriculum delivered within the general education classroom, as well as from differentiated instruction techniques that address each students’ unique strengths and challenges. Inclusion seeks to provide all students with fairness rather than sameness by establishing supportive, and nurturing communities that are based on giving all students the services and accommodations they need to succeed, as well as respecting and learning from each other’s individual differences (CITE TEXT). While inclusion has focused on individuals with disabilities, it is designed to the educational system so that it is more able to accommodate and respond to the diverse strengths, challenges, and experiences of all students. Inclusion programs also provide all students with access to a challenging, engaging, and flexible curriculum that helps them be successful in society.

Mungo Man

History Assignment – Mungo Man The discoveries at Lake Mungo are potentially the most important discoveries made in Australia, if not the world. The skeletal remains uncovered a world that we know very little about. They gave us an insight to the burial practices of the earliest people for both males and females of the time. The skeletal remains were subject to numerous forms of dating, but primarily radiocarbon dating or C-14 dating. Mungo I also known as Mungo woman or LM1 was the first skeleton to be discovered at the site. In 1968 geologist Jim Bowler was conducting research on the Willandra Lakes region, more specifically Lake Mungo. His original intention for the site was to study the Pleistocene layers of the area, looking at the ancient geography of the land. However in one of the lunettes (extended, crescent shaped sand ridges) he happened to notice a bone fragment protruding from an exposed calcrete block. Upon closer inspection he realised that it was not animal but human. Bowler marked the site with a peg for further excavation by archaeologists. Similarly in 1974 Jim also discovered Mungo III/LM3, this time dubbed Mungo Man. His skeleton was discovered after a prolonged period of rain in 1973. The rain has eroded the outer layers of the dirt to reveal a carbonated human skull. These remains were discovered just some 500m from the site of Mungo I. Again marked and excavated later on by archaeologist. Mungo I was the remains of a woman. She was described as a gracile woman, with fine bones and features. She was not found as a whole intact skeleton, rather 175 bone fragments. It was concluded that she was cremated; the charring of the bone fragments supported this theory. From this primary evidence we can hypothesise that the people of the time believed in the ritual passing of an individual, that the deceased should have a physical recognition of the change between the worldly life and the afterlife. We can also guess that from this they had some sort of belief system. Mungo III is an example of how the people of his time treated the males in the society. Instead of the cremation seen in Mungo Woman, this male, again gracile in appearance was instead buried in the ground. Again there is evidence of a ritual burial in the way he was laid. His hands were clasped together and red ochre sprinkled over the body. This arrangement of the body again demonstrates a belief in passing to another world by making the body presentable to this other world. There were numerous ways that the remains have been dated. By using the dated layers that the bones were found in and C-14 dating we are able to get a fairly accurate estimate of when these people were buried. Other ways included electron spin resonance dating, uranium-thorium dating, optically stimulated luminescence dating and thermoluminescence dating. Paleoanthropologists, or people who specialise in studying ancient humans by looking at human fossil primary evidence carried all of these dating methods out. When first discovered in 1968 and 1974 Jim Bowler was able to use his own scientific field of geomorphology. By using the already dated layers that the bones were found in he was able to produce and estimate time of burial. He estimated the bones of LM1 to be around 40,000 years ago and LM3 to around 32,000 years ago. He was able compare the strata of the area and the two skeletons to come up with these estimations. Archaeologists soon came in in the years following each discovery to uncover the remains. After Archaeologists had removed the bones they were handed over to paleoanthropologists and aboriginal peoples for proper testing. The first and most commonly known dating method that they used on the skeletons was radiocarbon or C-14 dating. The second way that archaeologists were able to date the Lake Mungo remains was by electron spin resonance dating. Also known as ESR dating, this method of dating the archaeologist/scientist looks to the radiation damage of bones (mostly teeth) by looking at the amount of radiation an object has been subject to whilst under ground. ESR dating works best on animal teeth so even though the results are still plausible it provided a much larger date area. The results reached showed the conclusion that the bones were around 31, 000 years old for Mungo Man give or take 7, 000 years. This of course would bring the reliability of this method down. Another dating technique they used on the skeletal remains was uranium-thorium dating. Instead of looking at how much of a particular substance is missing uranium-thorium dating records the accumulation of equilibrium between the isotope thorium-230 and its radioactive parent uranium-234. It is useful for determining the age of objects containing calcium carbonate, like bone. This was combined with optically stimulated luminescence dating, where you uncover when the material was last exposed to light to bring an estimate of 62,000 years ago for Mungo III Â ± 6,000 years. This caused controversy and confusion though as the surrounding earth was dated only to 43,000 years. This questions the reliability of these results as not all the facts interlink with each other. While individually these dating methods are quite reliable combined they produce relatively farfetched results. Thermoluminescence dating works in a similar way to optically stimulated luminescence dating in that it measures when it was last exposed to light but also when it was last exposed to heat. By using this technique the bones were dated to no more than 24,600 Â ±2,400 years but no less than 43,300 Â ±3,800 years ago.