Organisational Culture of Google Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Organizational Culture of Google. Answer: Presentation Google is a worldwide innovation organization, joined in America. The firm was set up by Larry Page and his companion Sergey Brin. The organization was consolidated in the year 1998. The field of the endeavor is in web based offices and items. The enterprise works in the business of program, PC equipment, and the web. The CEO of Google is, Sunder Pichai. The crucial the firm is to arrange the universes data and make it all around open and valuable. The vision is to give access to the universes data in a single tick. Google has in excess of 72 thousand full-time workers. The association gets in excess of 2 million employment demand in one year, from around the globe. The organization has received different techniques for recruiting the ideal individual for the activity. The organization has transferred YouTube recordings so as to give data with respect to their activity enlistment process and the general condition of the work environment. This report will examine the message given by Google through their video. Further, the document will talk about Human Resource Management hypothesis with respect to the adequacy of video and the difficulties looked by the association in enrollment methodology. Google: As an Employer The principle rationale of the video made by Google is to give data with respect to the association, to those individuals, who are happy to work in the association (Google Recruitment Video 2017). The video gives key data seeing Google as a business to the watchers. In the video, there are a few declarations from the representatives of Google, with respect to their experience. There were a few looks at different advantages that the partnership brings to the table (Backhaus 2004). Following are the key message seeing Google as a business, gave in the video: To show expected watchers, nature of the work environment at Google. The video has a few declarations from various workers, with respect to their experience and sentiment towards the firm. In the assessment of workers, the organization despite everything has fire up soul, disregarding being a goliath universal enterprise. The video speaks to that thoughts become reality in the working environment of Google. The representatives appearing in the video are from various nations, indicating the way of life of the enterprise. Different exercises are additionally accessible for representatives in the work environment, for example, free bites, rec center, and other additional educational plan exercises are appeared in the video. The companys approaches with respect to their workers, for example, maternity leave, adaptability in time and kid care, are appeared in the video. There are instructional meeting and talks accessible, to share the thoughts of representatives. The video gives data seeing Google as a business and the necessities for turning into a representative. Different difficulties and open doors for representatives are appeared in the video alongside the effect Google workers have over the world. As an Organization Google as an association conveys novel work environment that draws in, energizes and holds the top representatives in the business. The administrations of Google, for example, Gmail, YouTube, and Android, are utilized by billions of people groups each day. The representatives of Google have their effect everywhere throughout the world. Google has viably blended innovative modernisation in with a strong authoritative culture. The organization has adaptable hours and different exercises for workers. The organization advances the thoughts of their workers and give them preparing to expand their insight. The workers of Google put 20 percent of their time in close to home ventures (Hill 2001). The video has demonstrated different arrangements of Google as a predominant association. Adequacy of the Video: HRM Models There are different sorts of human asset speculations and models that an organization can receive in their association. These hypotheses and models assume an essential job in progress or disappointment in choosing the correct possibility for a venture. Some notable speculations and models are as per the following: Harvard Model: This is a delicate methodology where human capital is considered as the most significant asset that an association can have in their endeavor. It expresses that workers have a few needs and inclinations which ought to be given significance by the administration at the hour of dynamic. This model is like Japanese methodology since it thinks about workers as a huge partner. It discusses reward frameworks and designation of power (Brunetto 2011). Michigan Model: The Michigan model is a hard methodology towards the representative. In this technique, the representatives are treated as some other assets in an association. It unmistakably expresses that workers ought to be procured requiring little to no effort rate, and afterward they ought to be misused however much as could reasonably be expected (Jones 2005). Possibility hypothesis: This model expresses that there is no ideal answer for issues; it changes as indicated by the size of the association and relies on the multifaceted nature of conditions (Bowen 2004). Choice and Retention Policy of Google Google has a one of a kind methodology for determination and maintenance of their workers. While choosing the representatives, Google looks for imagination, responsibility, pragmatic information, and enthusiasm in their expected up-and-comers. They principally have two hotspots for choosing the likely possibility for a post, first are inside sources and second are outer sources. They fill their key situations by advancing their current representatives. Be that as it may, the vast majority of the opening are filled through outside sources, for example, grounds enlistments from top colleges and employing offices. They pay high motivators to their current workers other than their fundamental compensation. This system assumes a huge job in holding their current workers (Mitchell 2001). They have received a delicate methodology where they give a positive and solid condition at work environment, so representatives can change over their creative mind into the real world. They give them the position to set their own cutoff time of an extend and give them all the vital assets which will be required for fulfillment of specific errands (Thaler 2004). Appraisal of Effectiveness of the Video Google give an excess of significance to their hierarchical culture since they center around the zone, for example, employing applicants from various foundations, ladies strengthening, tutoring, and extra-curricular exercises. This video likewise incorporates the experience of representatives, positive workplace, approaches of the organization towards kid care and the effect that Google representatives have over the world. The video gives essential data to potential applicants with respect to the work environment condition. The potential up-and-comers get affected and persuaded by the substance of the video, this will persuade them to apply in the organization (Steel 2002). This video will portray them the hierarchical culture of Google which will help them in contrasting their aptitude and the need of refered to big business. This substance likewise uncovers about worker maintenance procedure of Google, this will assist possible applicants with ascertaining employer stability and se curity in their activity. Consequently, this video has the ability to persuade likely contender to go after a position in Google. Enlistment Challenges Google got in excess of 2 million requests for employment in one year, from around the globe. The organization faces numerous challenges while choosing their workers. So as to make development and progress in the business, the association needs to utilize opportune individual for the activity (Askitas 2009). The enrollment procedure of Google is partitioned into three phases: Sourcing the competitors from different spots. Short-posting the expected competitors through telephonic meetings or information tests. Individual meeting to concluding the competitor and introducing the offer. The enrollment procedure took a lot of time. The human asset group of Google is required to assess various requests for employment to choose the correct contender for work (Edgar 2005). Following are the difficulties looked by Google in the enrollment procedure: The organization faces numerous issues in finding the correct applicants. The enterprise gets a great many applications from the distinctive up-and-comer and choosing the correct candidate from them is an extreme The development of organization requires capable and committed representatives. The enrollment procedure took a lot of time, for example, individual verification, look at and directions. A moderate enrollment procedure could be hindering to the companys achievement. There is a nonstop clash between serious organizations to employ the gifted applicants. There is appeal for capable workers in the market and lack of gracefully. So as to enlist the correct representative, the company needs to pay the higher sum than their rivals. Because of the popularity of capable representatives, the organizations face the issue of maintenance of their gifted workers (Wills-Shattuck 2008). The companies need to continually refresh their enrollment systems all together for utilizing capable up-and-comers. The organizations need to adjust their enlistment procedure continually so as to contend with different enterprises. The association could lose likely representatives if their procedure of enlistment is obsolete. The organization needs to continually keep up a positive boss brand, to pull in the top gifts of the business. Firms need to give their representatives different advantages so as to keep them in the association. The partnerships need to confront high enlistment and advantage costs, to recruit and hold skilled End From the above report, it very well may be reasoned that human asset capital is the most significant asset of an association which has a critical influence in the accomplishment of an organization. Google likes to employ inventive and enthusiastic individuals who can help them in accomplishing hierarchical objectives in a set period. They give an excessive amount of im

PWC job opportunities Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PWC openings for work - Assignment Example In any case, there is no restriction to the expert abilities that are considered in this regard. The association is keen on setting up how one’s gifts, initiative capacities and aptitudes are best met for its requirements. PWC offers a scope of administrations to its clients which implies that it needs a moderately wide assortment of gifted faculty to achieve its capacities successfully as a specialist co-op. By and large, the association extends to temporary position and all day employment opportunities for college understudies who are keen on working under any of the accompanying lines of administration: Advisory, Tax or Assurance. Since the association is committed to preparing its own staff past what they have realized at school, the association acknowledges understudies taking practically any course. A high GPA and consistency in scholarly execution is one of the organization’s center while selecting its staff. The organization by and large utilizes understudies seeking after degree courses at any rate. So as to be considered for temporary position, an understudy needs to present his/her application expressing their own and scholastic foundation, achievements, individual interests, proficient interests and influential positions assuming any. The understudy may go after jobs promoted by the association as posted in the school’s vocation focus. Then again, the understudy may apply by making an ability profile on the company’s site. By and large, understudies who have worked with the association as assistants have a higher possibility of landing all day positions withy the organization as normal practice with different associations. The understudy may go after jobs promoted by the association as posted in the school’s vocation focus. On the other hand, the understudy may apply by making an ability profile on the company’s site. In the application procedure, the understudy should present his/her expert resume which will be crucial in their assessment.

The Tourism And Its Economic Impact On Industrialized Tourism Essay

The Tourism And Its Economic Impact On Industrialized Tourism Essay This exploration paper which clarifies the travel industry and its monetary effect on industrialized and creating nations has concentrated basically on the two significant issues that have been experienced by the travel industry that hampers its encouraging and improvement: regularity and fear mongering or wrongdoing. The issues are omnipresent independent of the size of the business whether it is a little scope or a mammoth firm. Numerous endeavors have been made in move to adapt to these issues yet at the same time require increasingly demanding and meticulous work to be done to defeat these issues. Regularity is grouped into three classifications which put some light on the orientation of the travel industry organizations. So also, an exploration on fear mongering and its effect on the travel industry show how these expanding exercises of psychological oppression have influenced the travel industry. The creator of this examination paper says that Small Tourism Firms (STFs) immensy affects the monetary advancement of the networks and subsequently being considered as a factor to spike the improvement the nearby economies. To help his examination the creator makes a declaration by giving the case of New Zealand Tourism which expresses that in New Zealand the travel industry is answerable for in general local turn of events. There modern upset is progressively substantial when subordinate rural economy is transfigured into free market economy. These progressions involve reduction charge, remove of every significant appropriation and no keep an eye on cost, wages and costs. Despite Top Down methodology, an alternate, base up approach is utilized which settle all significant worry of old style hypothesis. A base up approach is knowledgeable about not many nations however its able to handle the issue of maintainability. Research on Wairarapa Another exploration Wairarapa (Wellington), portrays that after that downfall in agrarian division, the travel industry came as a renewal which further finished up in foundation of wine enterprises and various vacationers. This examination centers around the past work and to build up extra clarification by performing different tests. To fulfill the STFs; look into includes the overview and meetings surprisingly from both open and private parts. These meetings were surrounded with the center inquiries and afterward examination of meeting based information was done to answer how the individuals commented The Revolutionized Wairarapa. Government Support Various Agencies A Push-and-Pull factor was such a propelling variable to make the individuals to take an interest in these independent ventures, which add to local turn of events. The assorted variety was unmistakable in this way of association in the little the travel industry business; ranchers developers, instructors, and specialists were the members in the travel industry. The most fascinating thing was the womens contribution mirroring the districts solid cultivating convention in which movement ladies were less included. Presently, for the development of the STFs, the legislature recognizes the elements that restrain the development and improvement to take the fitting activities to adapt to them. One of the significant activities is the lifting instruction and monetary turn of events and dispatch of High Speed of Internet, outcomes of which brought about the foundation of e-focuses, free web at schools and PC aptitudes learning. Government additionally offers wide assortment of administrations like preparing to improve their organizations, occasion booking, publicizing the travel industry, guests record focuses; these offices are given by different the travel industry offices. On darker side, developing rivalry and jealousy are seen obviously as hindrance to association with nearby establishments and association. There are a few associations under which these STFs are worked. Some significant ones are Tourism New Zealand (TNZ), Central Stage Micro Region (CSMR) and Regional Tourism Organization (RTO)/Go Wairarapa. Principle job of TNZ is to permit little individuals to captivate worldwide market where with respect to RTO, value and circulations of assets are significant concerns. Arranging, advertising, HR, ICT (Information and Communication Technologies), organizing are some administrative zones and one significant where the travel industry portrays pioneering demeanor. Entrepreneurs set up their own in house focuses containing publicizing going-ons, client information and records and utilized Internet for different endeavors. The differing preparing going from individual preparing the executives, ICT, independent company the board and advertising was given. The entrepreneurs from all parts took torment to learn new aptitudes which can be useful to run their trade. They additionally attempt to beat the issues looked during weekdays and look off periods by catching worldwide market. These little the travel industry firms are straightforwardly identified with nearby and local economy, either by methods for business administrations and work or by buying or physical merchandise. What's more, they likewise share a profound connection with Banks and bookkeepers. As appeared by studies and meetings, a large number of the organizations are subject to bank borrowings to pioneer business. Taking everything into account, the travel industry business with dynamic cooperation of both private and open segment and backing from government permits a separate area to build up its economy. Writing Analysis Regularity One of the serious issues of traveler industry is Seasonality, a periodical change which happens each year due to open occasions, events or celebrations and season.(Chung, 2009) These refashioned examples can be seen in a year as well as inside a month, a schedule week or even in a period of day.(Chung, 2009) It is shown that storeroom, Inns, bistros, general departmental stores are most extreme influenced organizations. (Jang, 2004) Off periods are constantly considered as a requirement in the travel industry and these are isolated into three classes (Chung, 2009) Work Individuals working with accommodation and the travel industry businesses hope to have a fixed yearly bundle yet its hard to utilize them for entire year. These easygoing occupations drove individuals to move from district looking for better open doors whose result is to pay raise for same employment. Regularity (Off Periods) Business Condition Venture FIG:- Classification of Off Periods (Jang, 2004) Venture With regards to venture, settlement and stockrooms are antagonistically affected during this period. As they need to pay fixed sum for physical offices even in moderate seasons. Condition Enormous number of visitors in top season causes different natural issues like air, clamor and water contamination. It additionally animate utilization of plastic packs and containers which causes ecological issues .(Jang, 2004) Research shows that these slow times of year have increasingly unfriendly impacts in provincial and confined regions as opposed to urban. (Steward, 1993) Next to all these negative impacts of regularity there are a few advantages which are important to both the travel industry and to nature and its occupants. Condition can revive itself and even business people can experience building or a remodel if necessary. (Head servant, 1993) A considerable lot of the recommendations are given to handle the moderate season issue however not many of them have been implemented.(Jang, 2004) It is accepted that we can trim down the regularity issue somewhat however we cannot dispose of it totally. (Steward, 1993) One measure is the money related portfolio hypothesis created by Markowitz 1952, which can help in diminishing the shakiness sought after to some extent.(Jang, 2004) Conferences and meetings could be elevated to address the off pinnacle season. Unique value offers and limited costs can assist them with tackling the off periods.(Chung, 2009) Psychological warfare Another difficult which causes inconvenient impacts on the travel industry is the expanding psychological oppression, a technique to make the feel of ruin and unsteadiness and terrorisation to undermine the social, established and profound rationale by various adventures of savagery like utilization of explosives, fire related crime, capturing and some more. (Pizam Smith, 2000) Fear based oppression had numerous unfavorable impacts on both, sightseers and the travel industry. The chart represents the fluctuating unethical occasions in different years. In 1993-94, as per the diagram most extreme number of fear monger occurrences occurred Chart Number of psychological oppressor episodes every year, 1985-98. (Pizam Smith, 2000) . Who can overlook the shelling at London 2005, the train blast in Spain 2004, assault in Israel 2002 and the most scandalous assault in US 9/11 on world exchange community? The worldwide economy and the travel industry businesses are as yet attempting to recoup from the destructive impacts of the travel industry. (Greenery, Ryan, Moss, 2008). Psychological oppressor exercises are omnipresent to all nations whether it is a created nation or a developing.(Sandler Enders, 2008). Table 1 shows, Iraq is at top of rundown which bears the greatest number of brutality assaults. Top 10 nations awfully influenced by fear based oppression are given beneath. Table 1-Top 10 nations with psychological militant episodes (Terrorism Act 1968-2006) Rank Nation Sum (per 1 million) 1 Iraq 439.078 2 Lebanon 329.371 3 Barbados 260.796 4 Israel 228.9 5 West Bank 228.003 6 Gibraltar 107.419 7 Colombia 32.092 8 Cyprus 31.876 9 Algeria 29.852 10 Angola 29.521 Source: World Statistics Website (http://www.nationmaster.com/index.php) Effects of fear mongering Fear mongering trouble the entire nation, its economy and its local peoples.(Sandler Enders, 2008) These psychological oppressor assaults disservice the travel industry as well as motivation the death toll, harms to open and private properties and interruption of administrations like water, power, correspondence and so forth. Additionally it influences the worldwide economy and helps got from charge and remote trade profit. (Feridun, 2010) Countrys Economy There are numerous nations whose huge piece of economy depends on the travel industry, and Tourism businesses add to increment in GDP (Gross local item), work, financial development and training. (Lee Chang, 2008) For instance: In New Zealand, $6.5 billion of G

The Effect Of The Bullwhip Effect On Your Model - 1403 Words

If there are multiple questions in a comment, please allow the candidate to respond before asking the next question. (1) I know that a large lot size has been associated with increasing number of defective units. On page 1, you wrote: â€Å"production stages are characterized†¦.†. What is your evidence that fast production increases the generation of defective items (scrap)? (2) Your demand is deterministic and the bullwhip effect has no place in your thesis. The bullwhip effect has no effect on your model, why it was mentioned twice? What is its relevance in the thesis? (3) You assumed a single raw material to produce a single product. This makes Table 2.1 not representative of the literature review. For example, Jaber and Goyal (2009)†¦show more content†¦What makes your model unique in that regard? (6) On page 43, you consider that p = d. This situation can never happen. So, why need to consider it? I also think that N0 can never reach infinity; there should be maximum and minimum values on M0 and N0. What are these values? The minimum value that either M0 or N0 can take is 1. Note that when h3 h’1, then neither M0 nor N0 is valid. In that case, they are forced to 1. Do you agree? (7) Transportation in Figure 3.4 and its fixed and variable costs are either factored into the total cost of the distribution centre or the finished product warehouse. That is, transportation is not a level in the supply chain. This makes the model three rather than four levels. If you disagree, then why transportation is important to consider in an MNC context? (8) Also, you wrongly phrased your model as a single item that is produced from different types of raw material; actually you assumed one type of raw material to produce a finished product. This is why it was possible for you to find an optimal solution. Furthermore, you neither considered the capacity of a transport vehicle nor the number of vehicles available. Why not? These points must be made clear in the thesis. (9) On page 31 you wrote: â€Å"Transferring raw materials from RMW to MUP in batches to the buffer area makes the raw material inventory dynamics different from the earlier works†, what do you mean by this statement, and why it is important? Please

The Consumer Society Essay - 3590 Words

â€Å"People recognise themselves in their commodities; they find their soul in their automobiles, hi-fi sets, split level homes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦social control is anchored in the new needs which the consumer society has produced. (Marcuse,1968:24)To what extent are we controlled by the consumer society we live in? The rise of the consumer culture is a phenomenon characteristic for the twentieth century. The impact of this cultural movement is disputable. The quote above was taken from Marcuse’s book â€Å"One dimensional man.†(1964) Marcuse believed that the products of consumer capitalism indoctrinate and manipulate society to promote a false consciousness of needs which become a way of life. He saw this as another form of totalitarianism which binds†¦show more content†¦He argues that in the age of consumption the identities are negotiated though consumption, with which he means that we define ourselves more and more by what we consume. His last characteristic to the definition of consumer culture is that Consumer Culture represents the increasing importance of Culture in the exercise of power. Ritzer (1999) refers to the places in which consumption takes place â€Å"cathedrals of consumption.† He argues that there are obvious cathedrals of consumption such as the supermarket, internet shopping or the shopping malls, but also ordinary everyday locations, which we would not associate with consumption, such as the railway station, the library or even our living room at home. Everywhere we go we are surrounded by cathedrals of consumption which aim to entice us to consume. Once can detect three different theories, to the power of these cathedrals of consumption. Weberian theory leads to the view that the cathedrals of consumption, when taken together, create a rationalized iron cage from which it is difficult, if not impossible, to escape. This is totally commodified world in which it would be futile, or nearly so, to hope to find a space in which one is free from commercial pressure. Supportive of this view is the proliferation of the new means of consumption, especially their spread into the home, so that even one is unable to avoid opportunitiesShow MoreRelatedConsumer Society And The Social Society1244 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay will seek to explore the view that a consumer society produces both winners and losers. A consumer society is â€Å"a society that is defined as much by how and what people purchase and use, as by what they make or do† (Blakeley and Staples, 2014, p. 16). Firstly it will look a Zygmunt Bauman’s concept of the seduced and repressed and some of the social inequalities that can underpin this. It will briefly introduce conspicuous consumption in relation to the seduced. 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The Battle Of Fort Sumter - 1373 Words

The battle at Fort Sumter why it occurred, what happen, and how did this battle affect the war itself. Why was it significant to the outcome of the war? Alanea Rainey History 121 Georgia Military College On March 5, 1861 the day after President Lincoln inauguration of the United States, The president received a message (Beringer, Why the South lost the Civil War). In attempt by the confederate government to settle differences with the union were sponged by Lincoln and the confederate felt it could no longer tolerate a foreign force in its territory (Goldfield, 2002). Lincoln ingeniously devised a plan that would case the Confederates to fire the first shot and hoped to inspire the states that had not yet seceded to unite in effort to restore the union (Goldfield, 2002). Major Robert Anderson, who commanded the United States forces at Charleston, made the decision to withdraw from the land and forts surrounding Charleston to the harbor fortress of Fort Sumter because of the dangerous situations (Davis, 1958). He commanded almost 100 troops and desperately needed reinforcements with supplies of both food and ammunition (Schweikart, 2004). When: On, March 4, 1861, Anderson reported to President Lincoln who was just inaugurated for help on supplies (Schweikart, 2004). On The next morning, the confederate opened fire on Fort Sumter because they were not allowed on United States soil (Schweikart, 2004). Fort Sumter is located in Charleston, South CarolinaShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of Fort Sumter885 Words   |  4 PagesThe battle for Fort Sumter was the battle that started the American Civil War in 1861 when the first shot were fired that signal the beginning of the war. 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This war would impact how the United States saw slavery. It is the most deadly war that the United States has every seen in its history. It all began with the secession of South Carolina. After this an understandingRead More Battle of Fort Sumter Essay1159 Words   |  5 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Fort Sumter is located in Charleston, South Carolina. The fort is in Charleston’s harbor. The fort was not even complete when war broke out. This was a big turning point for the United States of America. It separated the north from the south and in some cases it separated families. This war would impact how the United States saw slavery. It is the most deadly war that the United States has every seen in its history. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It all began withRead MoreThe Battle of Fort Sumter Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pagesthat fort will inaugurate a civil war greater than any the world has yet seen†¦you will lose us every friend at the North. You will wantonly strike a hornet’s nest which extends from mountains to ocean. Legions now quiet will swarm out and string us to death. It is unnecessary. It put us in the wrong. It is fatal. –Robert Toombs. (Boerner paragraph 2). The Civil War impacted the course of history forever. But it had to start somewhere and the Battle of Fort Sumter marked the start. The Battle of FortRead MoreNational Monument999 Words   |  4 PagesFort Sumter has to be one of the most historic national monuments in South Carolina. This fort has gone through a lot of history over the past years. I will inform you with some of the history behind this fort. The fort was appointed after the man called Thomas Sumter. He was conceived in 1734 and he past away in 1832. One of the main reasons why this fort is so famous is because its known as the first battlefield where gunshots started and it began the civil war. This fort had received an enormousRead MoreThe Civil War, Lasting From 1861-1865, Consisted Of Numerous1156 Words   |  5 PagesThe Civil War, lasting from 1861-1865, consisted of numerous bloody battles, military involvements and other historically significant events. There were over ten thousand events, fifty of them bei ng major.. These battles stretched across twenty-three states and caused over half a million casualties. America was divided between the confederates and union. One of these events started in Fort Sumter, South Carolina. The Confederate States of America were a chain of eleven southern states that separatedRead MoreThe American Civil War1624 Words   |  7 Pagesmost United States citizens. Battle of Fort Sumter is considered the first battle that initiated the Civil War between the Union and the Confederacy. The battle only lasted two days, but it took four months after the secession of Confederate states for someone to pull the first cannon lanyard and years for the United States to resolve. The union Soldiers at Fort Sumter were stranded on an island with walls, surrounded by Confederate artillery batteries. This was a battle that demonstrated the prideRead MoreThe Civil War Of The United States Essay1054 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent locations, some of the major battles dur ing the civil war were, the battle of Fort Sumter, which is near Charleston, South Carolina. The battle of bull run which took place in, Prince William County, Virginia. The battle of Shiloh which took place in Hardin county, Tennessee. And the bloodiest battle of the civil war, was the battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Millions of soldiers fought in the civil war and died from different casualties during battle. On may 9th, 1865, came the end of the

Trade Off Between Inflation and Unemployment free essay sample

There can be no trade-off between inflation and unemployment whether in the short or the long run. Comment. Inflation is a major challenge; the world is facing today and has become an impediment to robust growth. However, this problem is not new. In 1981, The Gallup Organisation in the US conducted opinion polls asking people, what is the most important problem, their country was facing, and a majority named inflation. Although governments in different countries have been using policies to contain it, it’s not so simple. Lowering inflation may lead to a rise in unemployment which could act as an obstacle to economic growth. This debate, whether there’s actually a trade-off between inflation and unemployment, has been puzzling the macro-economists for decades now, but we’ve still not been able to arrive at a concrete conclusion. Different schools of thought have their own viewpoints and their own theories to support those viewpoints. In this paper, I shall discuss briefly, the different schools of thought and their viewpoints and try to unravel this mystery by amalgamating the different viewpoints. I. ‘Old’ Classical school The classical school including Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill etc. that existed prior to the ‘Great Depression’, believed that the economy ultimately (in the long-run) reaches full employment. The disturbances, if any, would be temporary and very short-lived. There was no need for any countercyclical policy (whether fiscal or monetary) to boost the economy. According to them, there is perfect wage-price flexibility and thus, no possibility of involuntary unemployment. Their explanation was also backed by the well known ‘SAY’S LAW’, according to which, supply creates its own demand. Thus, whatever is produced will be demanded, and therefore economy is always at full employment. A ‘glut’ can occur, but only temporarily. Therefore, we get a vertical (almost) AS curve (and correspondingly, a vertical Philips curve). Hence, there is no trade-off whatsoever, between inflation and unemployment, and therefore any type of countercyclical policy (fiscal or monetary) is impotent. AS According to the classicists, economy is always at full employment level, as shown by the vertical AS curve. Thus, there is no trade-off between inflation and unemployment even in the short run. II. ‘Orthodox’ Keynesian school Keynes gained popularity during the Great Depression, through his ideas of using fiscal policies to avoid the slump, and he became a pioneering face in the macroeconomics field during the 1950s and early 60s. He was against the view that the economy always stays at full employment. He believed in wage price rigidity and therefore, a rigid real wage leading to an involuntary unemployment (ie. uun). Now, this unemployment could only be controlled if some fiscal or monetary policy is used. Keynes called for a fiscal expansion during the Great depression that would stimulate the aggregate demand. Thus, AD curve shifts rightwards. At the initial price level P, we have an excess demand, thus price level rises to P1 and now output, Y=Yf. Thus, there is a trade off between inflation and unemployment. Keynes gave the following insights to explain this trade-off: (a) The persistence of unemployment According to Keynes, persistence of unemployment was due to the failure of money wages to adjust with sufficient speeds to clear labour markets, and therefore a fiscal expansion is required to contain this unemployment, which would create inflation. For him, absolute rigidity in money wage rates is not required; all that is needed is that wages fail to fall to market clearing levels. (b) The fluctuations in unemployment According to Keynes, investment is highly unstable and is driven largely by animal spirits. This leads to fluctuations in unemployment. However prices and interest rates, according to him, often fail to adjust to offset these fluctuations, as they did during the ‘Great Depression’, probably because of a highly interest-elastic money demand (the so-called liquidity trap situation). Also, investment is influenced by real interest rate, not the nominal interest rates; therefore, it is often impossible to stabilize it, unless the inflation in the economy is controlled. III. Neo-classical school The Hicksian IS-LM under the neoclassical school tends to explain the trade-off between inflation and unemployment against the backdrop of the Philips curve equation. According to them, people have static expectations, and therefore ? te=0. Thus, the equation of Philips curve becomes: ?t=? (Ot-On) Now, if output is below its natural rate, inflation is negative, or we have disinflation in the economy. Thus, price level is decreasing. Now, as the price level starts decreasing, in our basic IS-LM model, LM curve starts shifting rightwards, and keeps shifting, until, we reach full employment. Thus, according to the neo-classicists, the economy is self-equilibrating, and no counter cyclical policy is required to bring the output back to full employment. Neo-classicists did believe in a trade-off, but only in the short run. LM LM1 i LM2 LM3 i1 On Ot IS IV. ‘Orthodox’ monetarist school The monetarists including Milton Friedman re-enforced the classicists’ viewpoint by explaining the ‘Quantity theory of money’, according to which a monetary expansion (contraction) would result in an expansion of the price level, nominal wages, and nominal interest rate , however, the real values in the system will remain unaffected. Therefore, ‘Money is neutral’. Quantity theory of money: MV=PY David Hume, in his essay of 1752, Of Money and Of Interest stressed on the irrelevance of changes in money stock on the behaviour of rational people (Quantity theory of money). He explained this with the help of an example: When any quantity of money is imported into a nation, it is not dispersed into all the hands at first. It initially caters a few selected people (manufacturers or merchants). These people then, invest this additional stock to raise output (at least in the short run). Now, an increase in output enables them to employ more workmen and therefore employment increases, wages remaining the same. Now, suppose an artisan carries his money to the market, he’ll find everything at the same price, however, the number of things that he can buy has increased. Also, the gardener would find all his output sold out, and therefore raise work effort and raise output further. This will ultimately lead to an increase in the overall price level and all the real effects would get nullified, thus leading to ‘money neutrality’. Thus, output always ultimately returns to full employment and long-run AS curve (and correspondingly, the Philips curve) is vertical. Thus, though there is a trade-off between inflation and unemployment in the short run, it gets eliminated in the long run. This means that we need to bear unemployment only for a short period of time, if we want to contain inflation. In the long run, however, unemployment will come back to its natural level, even if there is deflation (falling prices). Monetarists believed in the Adaptive expectations approach, that means, people base their expectations about future prices on the last year’s prices and therefore might make wrong expectations in the short run, however, Friedman said that they cannot be fooled forever, and therefore in the long run, their expected price would reflect the actual price. Equation of Philips curve: ?t-? t-1= ( µ+z)-? ut ?: Inflation rate  µ: Mark up (constant) z: Catchall variable (constant) u: Unemployment rate Now, if ? t=? t-1, ut is a constant, thus there will be no change in the unemployment rate. Hence, no trade-off. Empirical Evidence This explanation has been supported empirically as well. McCandless and Weber (1995), plots 30 year (1960-90) average annual inflation rates against average annual growth rates of M2 over the same 30 year period, for a total of 110 countries. The points lie roughly on the 45 ° line, as predicted by the quantity theory. They also provide evidence on correlations between money growth and growth in real output, averaged over the 1960-90 period and find no correlation at all. Thus, monetary expansion has no real effects. Stockman (1996), plots inflation rate against unemployment rate (Philips Curve) for various sub periods of the years 1950-94, for the United States and find a downward sloping Philips Curve for each sub period. However, when the entire 44-year period is considered, we do not find any correlation between inflation and unemployment. This also shows, that the trade-off exists, but only in the short run. V. New Classical school The new classical economists believed in the rational expectations. According to them, all agents are rational and base their expectations about inflation on the information set available to them and are on an average able to predict the actual inflation accurately. They believed in complete wage price flexibility, and there was no chance of involuntary unemployment and thus no trade-off at all between inflation and unemployment. Also, according to them, there was continuous market clearing. They assumed perfectly competitive market structure, thus, all unemployment that existed, was voluntary. Robert Lucas’ viewpoint Lucas argued that if everyone understands that prices will ultimately increase in proportion to the increase in money, what force stops this from happening right away? Probable reasons according to him could be: (a) People are committed, perhaps even contractually, to continue to offer goods at old prices for a time. (b) Sellers are ignorant of the fact that money has increased, and a general inflation is inevitable.

The Kite Runner Book Review free essay sample

The kite runner a novel by Khaled Hosseini is a novel about two young boys in Afghanistan named Amir and Hassan. Amir constantly struggles to earn his father’s love Baba since he feels that he was the reason of his mother’s death which happened during child birth. Finally Amir succeeds by winning a kite flying-competition. But the same day Amir witnesses the rape of Hassan and does nothing to stop it which troubles him for the rest of his life. He feels ashamed and slyly frames Hassan of theft to get rid of him and both Hassan and his father leave. During this novel, Afghanistan is being invaded by Russia, separating Amir and Hassan completely. Amir and his father are eventually forced to start over in America, but his secret still haunting him. One phone call from an old friend takes Amir back to Afghanistan his home country. During this event he learns a outrageous secret about his past and tries to make things right. We will write a custom essay sample on The Kite Runner Book Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Eventually meets up with his arch nemesis again and must make some hard decisions. How this novel is tragic Hosseini has cleverly and effectively portrayed family relationships, as well as the cruel segregation of society into classes. It has opened up the eyes of its readers to the harsh realities of what life is like in Afghanistan, and this realistic approach is what makes the novel so moving. Various tragic elements such as hamartia, remorse, anagnorisis and retribution are recognized in this story. Hosseini has written a catastrophic novel that is indeed tragic. Personal feelings about the novel Personally I believe that The Kite Runner is one of the best books I have read recently. It is a novel filled with suspense and is definitely a page turner that contains complex characters and circumstances that will make you think a lot about friendship, good and evil, betrayal, and redemption. It is a certainly powerful novel and contains particular graphic scenes, nevertheless it is not needless. Hosseini has written a great book by many measures. Recommend the novel amp; why? This is a marvelous book and must-read, regardless of age, gender, or nationality. This novel gives the reader a little taste of what its like for people in the Middle East, and how they are able to survive with so little and what they have been through. The characters are so down-to-earth that long after finishing the book, you will be thinking of sensitive Amir with his insecurities, his father, and Hassan. When reading this moving book, you will feel countless emotions, crying your eyes out at parts. The novel conveys a universal message that will move even the coldest heart.

Specific Teaching Strategies to Differentiate Instruction

Specific Teaching Strategies to Differentiate Instruction Research shows that one of the most effective ways to meet all learners needs is to differentiate instruction. Many teachers use differentiated instruction strategies because it allows them to engage their students by accommodating each students unique learning style. However, when you have a large group of students, it can be tough to keep up with each child’s individual needs. It takes time to come up with, and implement differentiated activities.  To help keep the workload manageable, teachers have tried a variety of strategies, from tiered assignments to choice boards. Here are a few more teacher-tested teaching strategies to differentiate instruction in your elementary classroom.   Choice Board Choice boards are activities that give students options as to what activities to complete to meet class requirements. A great example of this comes from a third-grade teacher named Mrs. West. Mrs. West uses choice boards with her third-grade students because she feels it is the easiest way to differentiate instruction while keeping her students engaged. While choice boards can be set up in a variety of ways (student interest, ability, learning style, etc.) Mrs. West chooses to set up her choice boards by using the Multiple Intelligence Theory. She sets up the choice board like a tic tac toe board- in each box she writes a different activity and asks her students to choose one activity from each row. The activities vary in content, product, and process. Here is an example of the types of tasks she uses on her students choice board. Choice Board for Multiple Intelligences: Verbal/Linguistic – Write instructions on how to use your favorite gadget.Logical/Mathematical – Design a map of your bedroom.Visual/Spatial –   Create a comic strip.Interpersonal-   Interview a friend or your best friend.Free ChoiceBody-Kinesthetic - Make up a game.Musical – Write a song.Naturalist – Conduct an experiment.Intrapersonal – Write about the future. Learning Menu Learning menus are much like choice boards whereas students have the opportunity to choose which tasks on the menu that they would like to complete. However, the learning menu is unique in that it actually takes the form of a menu. Instead of having a nine square grid with nine unique choices on it, the menu can have an unlimited amount of choices for the students to choose from. You can also set up your menu in a variety of ways, as mentioned above. Here is an example of a spelling homework learning menu: Learning Menu for Homework: (Students choose one from each category)Appetizer - Sort spelling words into categories, choose three spelling words to define, highlight all vowels.Entree - Use all spelling words to write a story, write a poem using five spelling words, write a sentence for each spelling word.Dessert - Write your spelling words in ABC order, Create a word search using at least five words, use a mirror to write your spelling words backward.   Tiered Activities In a tiered activity, all students are working on the same activity, but the activity is differentiated according to ability level. A great example of this type of tiered strategy is in an elementary school classroom where kindergartners are at the reading center.   An easy way to differentiate learning without the students even knowing it  is to have the students play the game, Memory. This game is easy to differentiate because you can have beginning students try to match a letter with its sound, while the more advanced students can try and match a letter to a word. To differentiate this station, all you have to do is have different bags of cards for each level, and direct specific students to which cards they should choose from. To make differentiation invisible, color-code the bags and tell each student which color he/she should choose. Another example of tiered activities is to break the assignment into three sections using varied levels of tasks. Here is an example of a basic tiered activity: Tier One: (Low) - Describe how the character acts.Tier Two: (Middle) - Describe the changes the character went through.Tier Three: (High) - Describe the clues that the author gives about the character. Many elementary school teachers find that this differentiated instructional strategy is an effective way for students to reach the same goals while taking into account each of their students’ individual needs. Adjusting Questions Many teachers find that an effective questioning strategy is to use adjusted questions to help them differentiate instruction in their classroom. The way this strategy works is simple- you use Blooms Taxonomy to develop questions starting with the most basic level, then moving towards the more advanced levels. Students at varying levels are able to answer questions on the same topic, but also at their own level. Here is an example of how teachers can use adjusted questing to differentiate an activity: For this example, the students had to read a paragraph, then answer a question that was tiered to their level. Basic learner - Describe what happened after...Advanced learner - Can you explain why...More Advanced learner - Do you know of another situation where... Flexible Grouping Many teachers who differentiate instruction in their classroom find flexible grouping an effective method of differentiation because it provides students with the opportunity to work with other students who may have a similar learning style, readiness, or interest as them. Depending on the purpose of the lesson, teachers can plan their activities based on a students’ attributes, then use flexible grouping to group students accordingly. The key to making flexible grouping effective is making sure the groups are not static. Its important that teachers continually conduct assessments throughout the year, and move students among the groups as they master their skills. Often time’s teachers tend to group students according to their ability at the beginning of the school year, and then forget to change the groups, or do not think they need to. This is not an effective strategy and will only hinder students from progressing. The Jigsaw The Jigsaw cooperative learning strategy is another effective method to differentiate instruction. In order for this strategy to be effective, students must work together with their classmates to complete an assignment. Heres how to works: Students are divided into small groups and each student is assigned one task. This is where the differentiation comes in- each child within the group is responsible for learning one thing, then bringing the information that they learned back to their group to teach their peers. The teacher can differentiate learning by choosing what, and how, each student in the group will learn the information. Here is an example of what a Jigsaw learning group looks like. Example of a Jigsaw Cooperative Learning Group: Students are divided into groups of five students. Their task is to research Rosa Parks. Each student within the group is given a task that suits their unique learning style. Here is an example. Student 1: Create a fake interview with Rosa Parks and find out about her early life.Student 2: Create a song about the Montgomery bus boycott.Student 3: Write a journal entry about Rosa Parks life as a civil rights pioneer.Student 4: Create a game that tells facts about racial discrimination.Student 5: Create a poster about Rosa Parks legacy and death. In todays elementary schools, classrooms are not taught with a â€Å"one size fits all† approach. Differentiated instruction allows for teachers to meet the needs of all learners, while still maintaining high standards and expectations for their students. Whenever you teach a concept in a variety of different modalities, you increase the chances that you will reach each and every student.

Ideology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ideology - Research Paper Example due in part to centuries of anti-Semitism and sensitivity to the way in which issues relating to Israel’s existence and the Holocaust are understood by individuals throughout society. Yet, rather than dismissing this topic out of hand, due to the fact that it is somewhat unpopular to discuss, this particular student has felt it necessary to undertake an analysis of the situation that could help to spread a further level of understanding with regard to whether or not the Israel lobby is in fact disproportionately powerful within the United States house and Senate. Research by Dov Waxman indicated that the Israel lobby has a long standing relationship with both political parties; thereby enabling it to engage newcomers and the executive branch in a way that few other lobbies are capable of doing. Such an understanding is essential towards realizing the scope and breadth of the Israel lobby and the means by which AIPAC and others mobilize their influence to effect key goals that relate to the strategic needs that Israel and its lobbies represent. Waxman further notes that even though many other countries have sought to label their own lobbies after that of Israel, the overall level to which they are able to accomplish their strategic vision and needs pales in comparison to the degree and extent to which Israel is able to continue to foist its views on to the political spectrum within the United States. Hila Tal indicated that the commercial success of the Israel lobby is ultimately continues to encourage it integrate the political process within the United States. Ultimately, as a direct result of the fact that the Israel lobby is effectively able to garner tens of billions of dollars each and every year for Israel and its respective interests throughout the region, the lobby self perpetuates and gains a further foothold with respect to the way in which it can engage the Democratic and Republican stakeholders within the United States Congress. Other lobbies that

Students will analyze a problem in policing. It may be a problem that Essay

Students will analyze a problem in policing. It may be a problem that any level of law enforcement faces. This includes feder - Essay Example A variety of approaches put in place to the precise configuration of both governance and oversight regimes (McKenna, 2000). Governing in the police has two categories; the internal and external governance that has differences in the management of police, categorized into several sections (McKenna, 2000). The sections are internal & external governance, political, managerial, legal and procedural consequential (McKenna, 2000). Governance in police; politically it includes constitutional, decentralization and consultative sections. In managerial, it includes commercial, resource and professional sections. In terms of legality, it includes judicial, quasi-judicial and regulatory sections within the legal regime. All the sections and departments mentioned above establish a police organization that makes it complex and difficult to manage the governance of the police organization due to the difference in the management practices and ideas (McKenna, 2000). Causes of the Problem External go vernance fully depends on the functions of internal governance. The differences experienced in the two organizations create bigger, unbearable blocks that prevent the proper functioning of the police organization (McKenna, 2000). The internal and external governance practices have created discrepancies. ... The senior management level of police has also failed in educating its personnel, enlighten them and enabling them to function as a central component of the governance enterprise. That makes it difficult for the civilian governance to operate its operations as a public policing (McKenna, 2000). Previous Interventions The police organizational unit formed a professional body to curb this problem in the 1960s and 1970s. Police were removed and unresponsive measures taken due to the public demand; which accused them of not attending to issues that affect the public. They were supposed to deal with the main issues affecting the public in their operational roles. A gap was established between the police and some of the various publics sworn to serve and protect the public demand. The police unit conducted a research and found out that the professional module created was not meeting the needs of the society. Its negligence was so intense to the development of security and proper mechanism established to deal with the crimes and disorders that were far much of the high level due to poor practices of the professional police unit created. Reforming and restricting the professional model of policing leads to the establishment of a reform called community policing (McKenna, 2000). The intelligence has established new sectors in the police organization that deal with the police organizations. This enables them to work actively and effectively incorporating society, shareholders, colleagues and governing organizations in the private sector. As the need to reform the police has been on the major world events, police organizations have moved away from

Teen Curfews are Ridiculous Essay Example for Free

Teen Curfews are Ridiculous Essay Earl Manning, my life-long mentor, says, Teen curfews are quite possibly the best thing ever. Teens are evil, corrupt beings and a curfew is all the world needs to cage up teen crime. Though most of Earls wise teachings are true and insightful, on this subject he is terribly mistaken. Teen curfews are not the right solution to the problem of juvenile crime because they enroach on the rights of teens and parents, are ineffective, and there are much better solutions. First of all, how can teen curfews be a good solution if they enroach on the rights of teens and their parents? Civil rights groups, such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) stand up for the rights of Americans as given to them by the Constitution of the United States. Teen curfews violate First Amendment rights, particularly the right to assemble. According the time line taken from Milestones in Teen Curfews in the United States, the courts agreed in 1989. U.S. District Judge Charles Richey blocked the implementation of a Washington DC curfew, essentially calling it unconstitutional. He said the ordinance would raise serious constitutional claims for teens. Curfews constitutionality was again questioned in November 1995 when the ACLU filed a lawsuit in U.S. District court. Then again in July 2000 the rights of American teens prevailed when a federal district court judge found that Indianas 1945 curfew violates the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Advocates of juvenile rights and upholding the Constitution also make it clear that curfews invade on the rights of parents to raise their children. Laws exist to protect citizens, not suppress their basic freedoms as guaranteed by the Bill of Rights in the Constitution. A primary reason curfews are not the right solution to the problem of juvenile crime is that they are not, have not been, and will not be effective. According to the article Teen Curfews, 146 of the nations 200 largest cities now enforce teen curfews, yet juvenile crime rates nationwide remain largely higher than in the past. If teen curfews really are effective, then it would be assumed that there would be a decrease in the juvenile crime rate, or at least a maintenance of status quo. Statistics show that most juvenile crime occurs between the hours of 3 P.M. and 6 P.M.  Thus it would be fruitless to enact curfews that do not attack the problem head on. As James Alan Fox, the dean of the College of Criminal Justice at Northeastern University, says, The problem with curfew laws is that most kids, the good, the bad and the tired, are asleep at midnight. Past curfews faced these same problems. The time line shows that many cities had passed curfew laws by the 1980s, yet the juvenile violent-crime rate surges upward. Then in the 1990s there was a resurgence of teen curfews to combat juvenile crime, but according to the article the juvenile violent-crime rate.. has climbed [over the past four years], except in 1995, when curfews met resistance from the ACLU. In June 1998, a study on the impact of curfews on juvenile crime in California, released by the Justice Policy Institute, finds that curfews are more a public relations gimmick than an effective crime-fighting tool. The future of curfews looks equally grim and ineffective. According to John DiIulio Jr., a leading crime expert, The large population will give rise to a new and more vicious group of predatory street criminals than the nation has ever known. Arthur Spitzer, the legal director of the ACLU, says, I find it very hard to believe that a curfew would have any significant effect on teenagers who are selling drugs, stealing cars or carrying a gun, which DiIulio suggest is the future of American youth. In February 2000, a survey released by the National League of Cities concludes that curfews do little to reduce hard core gang activity. Lastly, there are better, more effective solutions than teen curfews. The conflict of teen curfews could be avoided all together if such actions were taken. The problem of juvenile crime should be stopped at its source, not nudged in the shoulder by curfews. There have been numerous attempts to combat juvenile crime through positive means and many have been successful. In 1936, the Police Athletic League (PAL) was founded in New York City. PAL worked effectively to give teens a positive alternative to juvenile crime. In 1953 Boys and Girls Clubs of America are established. These offer social, educational, career and leadership programs to disadvantaged youths. In 1974 the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act established the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) which gave funds to states to take on juvenile crime. With more  funding and proper management of funds, more programs could be created and those that exist could be expanded and improved. According to the article, Many say that after-school programs and organized sports leagues work to reduce crime. Alfred Blumstein, a leading criminologist, says that curfews must be augmented by community centers. However, teen curfews could be eliminated all together with the expansion of better, more effective solutions. In conclusion, juvenile crime is a pressing matter that demands action. However, the rectification of the problem must not include teen curfews. Curfews infringe on the rights guaranteed by the Constitution and are ineffective. Other solutions are much better, more effective, and eliminate the need for curfews.

Chinese Economic Reform :: Economics Economy China Essays

Chinese Economic Reform Two years after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, it became apparent to many of China's leaders that economic reform was necessary. During his tenure as China's premier, Mao had encouraged social movements such as the "Great Leap Forward" and the "Cultural Revolution" which had had as their bases ideas such as serving the people and maintaining the class struggle. By 1978, China’s leaders were searching for a solution to serious economic problems. Hua Guofeng, the man who had succeeded Mao Zedong as CCP (Chinese Communist Party) leader after Mao's death, had demonstrated a desire to continue the ideologically based movements of Mao. Unfortunately, these movements had left China in a state where agriculture was stagnant, industrial production was low, and the people's living standards had not increased in twenty years (Nathan 200). While the gross output value of industry and agriculture increased by 810 percent and national income grew by 420 percent [between 1952 and 1980] ... average individual income increased by only 100 percent (Shirk 28). However, attempts at economic reform in China were not solely due to generosity on the part of the Chinese Communist Party to increase living standards. It had become clear to members of the CCP that economic reform would fulfill a political purpose as well since the party felt that it had suffered a loss of support. (Shirk 23) This movement "from virtue to competence" seemed to mark a serious departure from orthodox Chinese political theory. Confucius himself had said that those individuals who best demonstrated what he referred to as moral force should lead the nation. Using this principle as a guide, China had for centuries attempted to choose its leaders by administering a test to determine their moral force. After the Communist takeover of the country, Mao continued this emphasis on moral force by demanding that Chinese citizens demonstrate what he referred to as "correct consciousness." This correct consciousness could be exhibited by the way people lived. Thus, by demonstrating their expertise in a more practical area of competence, the leaders of the CCP felt they could demonstrate how they were serving the people. Economic reform came about as a result of an attempt by CCP leaders to demonstrate, in a more practical way than Mao had done, their moral force. Chinese Economic Reform :: Economics Economy China Essays Chinese Economic Reform Two years after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, it became apparent to many of China's leaders that economic reform was necessary. During his tenure as China's premier, Mao had encouraged social movements such as the "Great Leap Forward" and the "Cultural Revolution" which had had as their bases ideas such as serving the people and maintaining the class struggle. By 1978, China’s leaders were searching for a solution to serious economic problems. Hua Guofeng, the man who had succeeded Mao Zedong as CCP (Chinese Communist Party) leader after Mao's death, had demonstrated a desire to continue the ideologically based movements of Mao. Unfortunately, these movements had left China in a state where agriculture was stagnant, industrial production was low, and the people's living standards had not increased in twenty years (Nathan 200). While the gross output value of industry and agriculture increased by 810 percent and national income grew by 420 percent [between 1952 and 1980] ... average individual income increased by only 100 percent (Shirk 28). However, attempts at economic reform in China were not solely due to generosity on the part of the Chinese Communist Party to increase living standards. It had become clear to members of the CCP that economic reform would fulfill a political purpose as well since the party felt that it had suffered a loss of support. (Shirk 23) This movement "from virtue to competence" seemed to mark a serious departure from orthodox Chinese political theory. Confucius himself had said that those individuals who best demonstrated what he referred to as moral force should lead the nation. Using this principle as a guide, China had for centuries attempted to choose its leaders by administering a test to determine their moral force. After the Communist takeover of the country, Mao continued this emphasis on moral force by demanding that Chinese citizens demonstrate what he referred to as "correct consciousness." This correct consciousness could be exhibited by the way people lived. Thus, by demonstrating their expertise in a more practical area of competence, the leaders of the CCP felt they could demonstrate how they were serving the people. Economic reform came about as a result of an attempt by CCP leaders to demonstrate, in a more practical way than Mao had done, their moral force.

Essay on Human Behaviour and Social Norms

Running head: HUMAN BEHAVIOUR AND SOCIAL NORMS Do social norms influence human behaviour? Human behaviour is the response to given stimuli, which are socially and environmentally affected. This response is something that can easily be influenced and shaped through many personal, situational, social, biological, mental factors. In this essay the case of social norms influencing human behaviour will be analyzed using previous studies. Social norms are part of a larger influential scale generally named as social influence.Social influence is the exercise of power that an individual or a group can use on other individuals or society in order to alter their attitudes, behaviours and lead them to a desired direction. Social influence has as an outcome three different behavioural patterns, which are conformity, compliance and obedience. All of them will be discussed, but especially conformity and compliance, which mainly include the influence of social norms on behaviour (Franzoi, 2009; Cia ldini & Goldstein, 2004).Firstly, conformity in general is the action to adapt with the behaviour of the rest of the people due to perceived group pressure. Practically, this means that the way people dress, entertain themselves, protest, work, eat, go on vacations, disclose themselves and substantially anything an individual can occupy himself, is formed by group’s direction and tendencies because the majority of people, if not all of them, try to socialize and be accepted by their society in any possible way.This phenomenon is called conformity and it is an ambiguous question if independence, which indeed is a reality, exists anyway. This happens because people voluntarily direct their independence towards society’s preferences and tendencies in order to feel that they belong somewhere and they have a particular social identity (Franzoi, 2009). The second factor of influence is the compliance and it is has to do with the public and clear acceptance of one’s pe rson to act according to given social direction by the indicated social power. However, compliance can be divided into internal and external.This means that a person can comply with a situation either because someone else indirectly forces him or either because he believes he should act like this. For example, if someone asks his friend to lie in order not to have problems with parents (e. g. cover a sneaking out) but he does it in the name of friendship even if he does not really want it, this is a clear example of external force making you to comply. Internal compliance is the opposite state where personal beliefs and attitudes force you to do something without having any external pressure to do something.This issue is very important because in the case of external compliance, social norms are in a great influential position in contrast to internal compliance where personal beliefs mainly take place on the decisional process (Franzoi, 2009). On the other hand obedience is the tota l performance of a given order by social power without any resistance against it or trial to sustain independence. Social power is the available social sources through social acceptance and social status that a person or a group of people can have in order to exercise persuasion and give motivation to make people change or fulfill their requests.Consequently, these three parts of social influence represents the levels of personal accordance to social patterns, authoritarian or not. Specifically, it can be noticed that the level of individual’s independence sets if a situation is more about conformity (unconscious but voluntary acceptance of the norms), or compliance (internal or external acceptance) or obedience (total accordance to social power) (Cook et al. , as cited in Franzoi, 2009; Franzoi, 2009). Focusing more one the aspect of conformity and the influence of social norms, there are specific factors that affect conformity and levels of social norms’ influence on it.These factors can be situational, personal and cultural. Situational factors can be group size, group cohesiveness, and social support. Group size is important because as Asch (1955) found, the larger the group, the bigger the phenomenon of conformity due to social norms. Group cohesiveness makes the group to have greater bonds due to similarity and ability to easily show empathy to each other (Christensen et al. , 2004) and social support is noticed to groups with higher levels of cohesiveness and bonding. On the other hand, there are personal factors ffecting the type of conformity such as self-awareness (ability to understand own self), self-presentation (try to present ideal self in order to conform), personal control (desire to feel that one has control, as a human right, over particular situations) and gender (gender differences- women are more likely to conform) (Franzoi, 2009). Based on all the previously referred material, conformity is totally driven by social norms, n orms that are not written but sometimes are more powerful than law; the way that a person conforms to society affects the level and type of his compliance to society’s requests.For example, if a person has as personal characteristic not to like altering his self-image/ presentation based on society’s preferences due to his intense belief in independence, it is possible that this person will comply more difficult because of external motivation instead of internal. On the other hand, this means that if a person has an internal compliance only to smile to people who knows and not to anybody else due to his belief, this will affect the way that he conforms to the social norm of smiling to people in general in order to be kind.This shows how social norms can affect conformity and consequently compliance and the other way around, respectively. Furthermore, people have a tendency to create and maintain meaningful relationships with other people because they need socializing a s human beings, which is called as affiliation. Affiliation is a good example of internal compliance. This motivation makes the compliance to socializing and dedicating energy and time on building relationships, an internal acceptance for personal growth (Franzoi, 2009; Cialdini & Goldstein, 2004).Nevertheless, there is the issue of how and when external compliance to social norms such as stereotyping occurs. In particular, Bargh and Chartrand (1999) did a study on automaticity of behaviour and found that when people are unconsciously pre-occupied with e. g. stereotyping words, even if they believe that stereotyping is wrong, they are likely to stereotype because they unconsciously externally comply with the given stimuli. Stereotyping is a form of social norm. People may stereotype in order to protect themselves; for example, filthy aggressive people on the street may be perceived as thieves or criminals.So there are two outcomes on this example. One person may believe that the app earance cannot indicate anything about personal characteristics but in the end he conforms to the social norm and try to avoid him as the other people around him do (external compliance). On the other hand, one may truly believe that these kinds of people are definitely criminals because he might have a bad experience in the past so he avoids him due to his belief (internal compliance to the social norm of avoiding this kind of people) (Franzoi, 2009; Cialdini & Goldstein, 2004; Bargh & Chartrand, 1999).Rimal and Real (2005) did a study on how perceived norms affect human behaviour with college students in order to investigate intentions to alcohol consumption. They proposed the theory of normative social behaviour that includes three mechanisms: injunctive norms (such as social approval), outcome expectations (such as personal benefits) and group identity (such as similarity). Their hypothesis was that these three mechanisms are able to moderate the influence of social norms on the human behaviour. Indeed, their results showed that these normative mechanisms could predict the intention of alcohol consumption to college students.Consequently, this study is a clear answer to the question whether social norms affect human behaviour. In addition, Rivis and Sheeran (2003) did a study on Theory of planned behaviour in order to find out whether added descriptive norms can be good predictors of human behaviour in the particular model. Their results showed that younger participants and health risk behaviours are greatly related to stronger correlation between intentions of behaviour and descriptive norms; confirming that behaviour is affected by norms.As a conclusion, the general point of view in all these theories and facts is that social norms affect human behaviour through the state of conformity and compliance. Substantially, the intentions of behaviour can be affected either implicitly or explicitly. People conform to the society in order to be accepted and compl y with various social norms that conformity requires through implicit/internal or explicit/external way. Even if personal and situational factors may influence the level of compliance and conformity, people constantly comply with various requests either due to personal beliefs or due to accepting other’s personal beliefs.Word count: 1. 440 References Asch, S. E. (1955). Opinions and social pressure. Scientific American, 31-35. Bargh, J. A. , & Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54, 462-479. Christensen, P. N. , & Rothberger, H. , & Wood, W. , & Maltz, D. C. (2004). Social norms and identity relevance: A motivational approach to normative behaviour. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1295-1309. Cialdini, R. B. , & Goldstein, N. J. (2004).Social influence: Compliance and conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 591-621. Franzoi, S. L. (2009). Social psychology (5th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill. Rimal, R. N. , & Real, K. (2005). How behaviours are influenced by perceived norms: A test of the theory of normative social behaviour. Communication Research, 32, 389-414. Rivis, A. , & Sheeran, P. (2003). Descriptive norms as an additional predictor in the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analysis. Current psychology, 22, 218-233.

Digital Citizenship and Information Technology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 675 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Citizenship Essay Did you like this example? It is an unsophisticated fact that once information has been put into the digital world, it is public and permanent, whether you believe it or not. Free and low-cost digital tools allow students to create/write blogs, share their photos and artwork on social media, design videos and grow a YouTube following, and participate in projects with peers around the world. The articles used in this essay are Info graphic: Citizenship in the digital age by: Diana Fingal, Plugged in parents by: Common sense media, Are you practicing ethical digital citizenship? by: Rashmi. The online world has many good advantages and bad risks. A good digital citizen will make sure to think about what they post online and keep away from creepy sounding people. Be safe. Being safe online is a whole topic, much different from being a good digital citizen†and with much different ramifications. Its crucial not divulge any personal information, passwords, addresses, etc. with someone you dont know. For more detailed information on Internet safety tips, read our blog post about keeping kids safe online. Dont say anything online you wouldnt say to someones face. An online comment can be even more hurtful than a face-to-face insult, because once something is written the person can read it repeatedly. Sometimes, we find it easier to reply with negative comments when the person is not right in front of you and you can hide behind your computer or smartphone. Dont be tempted; think twice about what you are saying before you post or send, and ask yourself, Would I say this to someone if they were standing in front of me? Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Digital Citizenship and Information Technology" essay for you Create order Treat others the way you want to be treated. This sounds basic, but its probably the one piece of digital etiquette advice that is broken the most. Keep your comments positive; be truthful, and polite. If you want to go the extra mile, acknowledge when someone has been helpful; thank them, and pay it forward! Dont share anything you dont own, without permission. All content was created by someone, and that person owned their content. This includes articles (and ANY portion of articles), photos, memes, reports, blogs, and anything else online that wasnt created by you. Be aware of copyright laws, ask permission before you share, and be sure to give credit if you reuse or re-post an article or picture you didnt create. Know the rules. Whether youre using classroom forums, Twitter, Facebook, or other sites, know the sites rules and guidelines†and follow them. Each community creates their own rules that they expect users to follow, which can usually be found in the Site Rules or Ab out Us section. Dont believe everything you read. Not everything online is true. In fact, theres a lot online thats not true. Before believing (or sharing!), dig deeper. Search for facts. Just because its written online doesnt mean its true. Be vigilant. If you saw something happen in real life where someone could be harmed, youd call for help, right? If you see something online that may be harmful to someone else, report it to the sites authorities, or an adult you trust. With cyber bullying and online predators, we cannot be too careful these days, and we all need to look out for each other. Be vigilant. If you saw something happen in real life where someone could be harmed, youd call for help, right? If you see something online that may be harmful to someone else, report it to the sites authorities or an adult you trust. With cyberbullying and online predators, we cannot be too careful these days, and we all need to look out for each other. Being safe in the digital world is very important, it can follow you for the rest of your life. I have learned to not make myself a bad digital footprint and post anything I would regret later and to treat people how you would want to be treated. My online behavior will change, and I will now watch what I post and say online.